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HW/ ch 12
Anatomy and Physiology = Bio 2020; CH 12
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Structural Classification | Multipolar neuron, bipolar neuron, unipolar neuron |
| Functional Classification | Sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron neuron, afferent neuron, efferent neuron, association neuron |
| Multipolar neuron | are the most common type of neuron. These neurons have many dendrites and a single axon that extends from the cell body. |
| Bipolar neuron | have two processes that extend from the cell body-one dendrite and one axon. The location of these neurons is relatively limited in humans (e.g., the retina of the eye and the olfactory epithelium in the nose). |
| Unipolar | have a single, short neuron process that emerges from the cell body and branches like a T. |
| Place the following structures in the order that an electrical impulse would travel beginning with the postsynaptic membrane. | 1. Dendrites 2. Soma 3. Axon hillock 4. Internode 5. Node of Ranvier 6. Terminal arborization 7. Synaptic knobs |
| Dendrites | The cellular extension involved with receiving presynaptic information |
| Soma | The body of the neuron |
| Axon hillock | The point of action potential creation positioned at the start of the axon |
| Internode | Length of neuron under a Schwann cell |
| Node of Ranvier | Areas of bare axons between Schwann cells |
| Terminal arborization | Branching ends of the axon |
| Graded potentials can result from voltage across the plasma membrane. | True |
| Graded potentials can result from mechanical stimulation or temperature changes. | True |
| The potential change can vary from small to large depending on the stimulus strength or summation. | True |
| The effects produced by one graded potential can be added onto the effects of another graded potential. | True |
| Increased permeability of the membrane to sodium results in depolarization. | True |
| A depolarizing graded potential can cause an action potential. | True |
| Excitatory Neurotransmitter Actions | Binds to a chemically gated sodium channel, Sodium moves down concentration gradient into the neuron, The inside of the neuron becomes more positive |
| Inhibitory Neurotransmitter Actions | Binds to a chemically gated potassium channel, Binds to a chemically gated chloride channel, Potassium moves down its concentration gradient out of the neuron, Chloride moves down its concentration gradient into the neuron |
| Place the items for an EPSP in the correct order from beginning to end. | Excitatory neurotransmitter released from presynaptic neuron> Neurotransmitter binds to chemically gated sodium channels>Sodium channels open>Sodium flows into neuron>Inside of neuron becomes more positive >This EPSP propagates toward axon hillock |
| Place the items in the correct order for an IPSP from beginning to end. | An inhibitory neurotransmitter binds to chemically gated K+ channels>K+ channels open>K+ flows out of the neuron>The inside of the neuron becomes more negative>The IPSP propagates towards the axon hillock |
| Place each of the following labels in the proper position on the curve where each of the indicated items would occur. | A: Potential across the membrane becomes less negative B: At threshold, voltage-gated Na+ channels open quickly;Threshold;-55mV C: Voltage-gated potassium channels open D: Hyper-polarization E: Resting membrane potential; -70mV |
| Glial cells | Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal Cells, Microglia, Astrocytes, Neurolemmocytes, Satellite Cells |
| Oligodendrocytes | Form the myelin sheath in the CNS |
| Ependymal Cells | Function in the production and circulation of CSF |
| Microglia | Macrophages of the CNS |
| Astrocytes | Most abundant CNS glial cells; Involved with neurogenesis, scar formation, and BBB maintenance |
| Neurolemmocytes | Form the myelin sheath in the PNS |
| Satellite Cells | PNS cells that surround and insulate the somas |
| Place the components of a peripheral nerve in sequence from outside to inside. | Epineurium>Nerve>Perineurium>Fascicles>Endoneurium>Neurolemmocytes>Axolemma |
| Structural Classification | Based upon the CNS component nerve arises from; Would include spinal nerves |
| Functional Classification | Based upon direction information is sent; Would include sensory nerves; Would include motor nerves; Would include mixed nerves |
| More Abundant in Cytosol | Phosphate; Negatively charged proteins; Potassium |
| More Abundant in ISF | Sodium; Chloride |
| Relative Refractory Period | Occurs when voltage-gated sodium channels have returned to resting state; Ensure that the action potential moves down the axon in only one direction; Neuron is hyperpolarized |
| Absolute Refractive Period | Occurs about 1 ms after an action potential; No amount of stimulus will initiate a second action potential; Voltage-gated sodium channels are opened then closed in the inactivated state |
| If neurotransmitter from Neuron A causes Neuron B to hyperpolarize, this is an example of an | inhibitory postsynaptic potential |
| The most common type of neuron contains many dendrites and a single axon. Structurally, this is classified as a(n) ______________ neuron. | multipolar |
| Scorpion agitoxin is a neurotoxin that blocks the activity of voltage-gated potassium channels. In the presence of agitoxin, which will occur during an action potential? | The neuron wil remain depolarized and unable to repolarize. |
| Nerve growth factors that stimulate outgrowth of severed axons are secreted by | Neurolemmocytes. |
| Which part of neuron contain calcium pumps and channels | Synaptic bulbs. |
| The ___________ nervous system transmits information from receptors to the CNS, while the ___________ nervous system transmits information from the CNS to the rest of the body. | Sensory; motor |
| A typical synapse in the CNS consists of a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron, separated by a narrow space called the | Synaptic cleft |
| Myelin sheaths mainly consist of which part of the glial cells that form them? | Plasma membranes |
| What type of cells produce the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS)? | Oligodendrocytes |
| When threshold is reached, depolarization occurs with the same amplitude of potential change. This is known as | the All-or-None principle |
| The _______ is a period of time when a membrane cannot respond to another stimulus (no matter how strong). | Absolute refractory period |
| What is the correct order for the events of neurotransmitter release from the synaptic terminal? 1 Extracellular Ca2+ enters terminal and binds to sensor protein in the cytoplasm 2 Exocytosis of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft | 3, 5, 1, 4, 2 |
| 3 Action potential reaches axon terminal 4Ca2+-protein complex stimulates fusion of the docked synaptic vesicle with the plasma membrane 5 – Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open | |
| The fundamental physiological properties that enable nerve cells to communicate with other cells are | the ability to respond to environmental changes;the ability to produce electrical signals that are quickly conducted to other cells at distant locations;the ability to secrete a chemical that will stimulate the next cell when an electrical signal reaches |
| reaches the end of an axon; *All of these choices are correct* | |
| Pain receptors in the skin send signals to the CNS for processing. These pain receptors are an example of ____________ neurons. | Afferent |
| Neurons that carry signals from the CNS to skeletal muscle for contraction would be classified as _____________ neurons. | Efferent |
| The vagus nerve contains afferent and efferent neurons, therefore it is an example of a(n) __________ nerve. | Mixed |
| If all the sodium leakage channels were removed from the cell membrane of a neuron, | the membrane potential would be about -90 millivolts |
| When sodium enters the neuron via chemically gated sodium channels, the membrane will depolarize. Therefore, the membrane potential will become more | Positive |
| On a graph of an action potential, the small depolarizations that lead to threshold are from | excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) |
| The inflow of sodium ions into the intracellular fluid causes depolarization of the neuron's inner cell membrane. | True |
| EPSP Result: As a result | The sodium channels open and sodium ions pour into the intracellular fluid. |
| An inhibitory post synaptic potential (IPSP) | will make the membrane potential of a neuron's inner cell membrane more negative. |
| An excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP) | will make the membrane potential of a neuron's inner cell membrane more positive. |
| Depolarization of a cell membrane occurs because | more sodium ions diffuse into the cell than potassium ions diffuse out of it. |
| Depolarization is initiated by a stimulus that makes the membrane potential | More positive |
| The inside of the cell membrane becomes negative at the time of an action potential. | False |
| A recently depolarized area of a cell membrane cannot generate an action potential because of the | Absolute refractory period. |
| On a typical neuron, the axon is usually longer in length than the dendrites. | True |
| The endoneurium wraps around groups of fasicles to form a nerve. | False |
| In neurons, protein pumps allow substances to move passively down their concentration gradients | False |
| Sodium has a higher concentration outside the cell than within. | True |
| Greater current flow is possible with larger resistance and a lower voltage. | False. According to Ohm's Law, a greater current flow is possible with decreasing resistance and a higher voltage. |
| The leakage of potassium plays a more significant role in the resting membrane potential than the leakage of sodium. | True |
| Postsynaptic neurons can generate both inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic potentials simultaneously. | True |
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svalde1907
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