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BIOLOGY III
Covers Organ systems, Evolution, Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Evolution | Genetic change in population over multiple generations |
| Population | Individuals of the same species interacting/interbreeding in a shared environment |
| Community | Group of interacting populations |
| Ecosystem | Interactions between biotic and abiotic components |
| Natural selection is the mechanism Charles Darwin proposed for the evolution of new species. Explain what natural selection is and how it works. | Individuals better able to obtain resources are more likely to survive & reproduce. "Survival of the fittest" Groups of organisms evolve when natural selection favors individuals with advantageous inherited characteristics. |
| What lines of evidence do we have that support evolution? | Fossils, Traces of evolution in existing organisms, similarities and differences in DNA, Direct observations of genetic change in populations, continental drift. |
| What is artificial selection? | Breeding animals & plants with specific desirable characteristics. |
| What are the different types of fossils | Petrified, Molds, Trace, Carbon Films, Casts, Preserved remains |
| Explain why the evolution of photosynthetic prokaryotes was such an important event in the history of life on earth. | The evolution of photosynthetic prokaryotes helped generate oxygen as a waste product, giving support to higher forms of life. |
| What was the Cambrian explosion? | Dramatic increase in number & diversity of species during early to middle cambrian period. (530mya) |
| What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution? | Microevolution: Short term genetic changes in population (Changes in allele frequencies) Natural selection is often the most important mechanism of microevolution. Macroevolution: Large scale events-Appearance of a new species. |
| What are the mechanisms of microevolution? | Mutation (Random) Gene Flow: (Not random) Genetic Drift: (Random) NAtural Selection: (Not Random) |
| What is the ultimate source of genetic variability in a population? | Mutations. |
| What is gene flow? Does it increase or decrease genetic variability between populations? | Moves Genes from 1 population to another. Be it Migration or Pollen Drift. (Increases variability in populations.) |
| What is a genetic bottleneck, how does it form | Occurs when the rapid drop in a small population leads to a drastic decrease in genetic variation (Loss of Alleles) |
| What is the founder effect? ? How is it different to a genetic bottleneck? | Founder effect: Small group of individuals establishes a small isolated population. Rare traits become common as Alleles are shared, not lost. |
| What is a Morphological Species | Identifies species by physical appearance |
| What is a Biological Species | Identifies species by 1 or more populations that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. (Most common used definition of Species) |
| List 5 types of prezygotic barriers and what are they? | Temporal Isolation=Different breeding times. Ecological Isolation=Different locations Behavioral Isolation=Different courtship displays/Behavior Mechanical Isolation=Physically unable to mate Gametic Isolation=Gametes cant fuse/Can't survive |
| What are postzygotic barriers? | Prevents Zygotes from developing, Zygotic death in tract or infertile offspring IE: Mules |
| What is homeostasis? | Process of maintaining a relatively constant internal state despite fluctuations in environment |
| What is Exponential Grows? What chart is used to represent it? | Population increases by a constant proportion over constant time interval. Represented by a J Shaped curve. |
| What is Logistical Grows? What chart is used to represent it? | No population can increase indefinitely. Populations reach and remain at a constant population size. Birth+Immigration=Death+Emigration. Represented by S Shaped Curve. |
| List the body’s organizational hierarchy. | Cell--> Tissue--> Organ--> Organ System. |
| What is the carrying capacity?Explain what happens when a population exceeds the carrying capacity? | Carrying Capacity is limit of resources. Going over carrying capacity can lead to habitat deterioration, lower carrying capacity of environment, & dramatic decrease in population size. |
| What is the difference between population size and population density? | Population size= refers to total number of individuals in a population. Population density=Number of individuals per unit of area. |
| What is population density? | Population density=Number of individuals per unit of area. |
| What is population size? | Population size= refers to total number of individuals in a population. |
| What four factors effect population size? | Birth rate (a), Death rate (b), Immigration (c), Emigration (e) a+c>b+d a+c<b+d |
| Which two factors are responsible for an increase in population size? | Birth Rate & Immigration |
| What environmental factors can limit population growth? | Food/Water, Habitat Availability, Disease, Predators, Competition, and Habitat Deterioration |
| What is the concept of population cycle? Use an example to help explain. | A consumer exerts such a significant amount of impact on a prey species that the population sizes of the 2 species change together in a tightly linked cycle. IE: Fox eating rabbits. Rabbit decrease = Fox decrease. |
| What is Mutualism? | (+,+) Animals work together, both gain improved fitness |
| What is Commensalism? | (+,0) One species benefits, while the other is not affected. |
| What is Parasitism? | (+,-) One species benefits at the other's expense. |
| What is a keystone species? Give an example. | Keystone species that as a pivotal role in a community. Ie: Sea Otters diet of sea urchins helps keep kelp forests alive. |
| What is an invasive species? | Nonnative, introduced by humans. Disrupts ecological communities. |
| What is a cell? | Smallest structural/functional unit of organism |
| What is a tissue? | Collection of cells performing a function |
| What is an organ? | Collection of tissues performing a function |
| What is an organ system? | Collection of Organs functioning together. |
| What does the Stomach do? | Digests food, secretes enzymes and acids |
| What does the Liver do? | Filters blood detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs. |
| What does the Pancreas do? | Regulates blood and glucose. Secretes Glucagon. |
| What does the Kidneys do? | Extracts waste. Generates urine |
| What does the Heart do? | Pumps blood through the body, supplies oxygen and nutrients |
| What does the Lungs do? | Gaseous exchange, respiration |
| What does the Testes do? | Produces Gametes |
| What are biotic and abiotic factors? | Biotic = Living/Once living organisms in ecosystem. Abiotic = Non living/chemical and physical elements in Ecosystem |
| What is Abiotic? | Abiotic = Non living/chemical and physical elements in Ecosystem |
| What is Biotic? | Biotic = Living/Once living organisms in ecosystem. |
| Explain the transfer of energy through an ecosystem. Does all energy make it from one trophic level to the next? If not, why not? | Energy transfer primarily goes through food webs. Only about 10% goes from 1 trophic level to the next. Could be - Not consumed, -Not taken up in body, -Lost as metabolic heat. |
| Is human population growth currently exponential or logistical? | Logistical. |
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Minxies
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