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Ch 40
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anatomy | biological form |
| physiology | biological function |
| interstitial fluid | the spaces between the cells are filled with fluid |
| tissues | groups of cells with a similar appearance and a common function |
| organs | different types of tissues are further organized into functional units |
| organ system | groups of organs that work together , providing an additional level of organization and coordination |
| Main components of Digestive System | - mouth - pharynx - espophagus - stomach - intestines - liver - pancreas - anus |
| Digestive System Function | food processing (ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination) |
| Main components of Circulatory System | - heart - blood vessels - blood |
| Circulatory System Function | Internal distribution of materials |
| Main components of Respiratory System | Lungs, trachea, other breathing tubes |
| Respiratory System Function | Gas Exchange(uptake of oxygen; disposal of carbon dioxide) |
| Main components of Immune and Lymphatic System | - bone marrow - lymph nodes - thymus -spleen - lymph vessels |
| Immune and Lymphatic System Function | Body Defense (fighting infections and vi-rally induced cancers) |
| Main components of Excretory System | - kidneys -ureters -urinary bladder -urethra |
| Excretory System Function | disposal of metabolic wastes; regulation of osmotic balance of blood |
| Main components of Endocrine System | -Pituitary - thyroid - pancreas - adrenal - other hormone secreting glands |
| Endocrine System Function | coordination of body activities (such as digestion and metabolism) |
| Main components of Reproductive System | ovaries or testes and associated organs |
| Reproductive System Function | Gamete production; promotion of fertilization; support of developing embryo |
| Main components of Nervous System | - Brain - Spinal cord - nerves - sensory organs |
| Nervous System Function | coordination of body activities; detection of stimuli and formulation of responses to them |
| Main components of Integumentary System | skin and its derivatives |
| Integumentary System Function | protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration, and thermoregulation |
| Main components of Skeletal System | Skeleton ( bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage) |
| Skeletal System Function | Body support, protection of internal organs, movement |
| Main components of Muscular System | Skeletal muscles |
| Muscular System Function | Locomotion and other movement |
| epithelial tissues | cover the outside of the body and line organs and cavities within the body |
| Types of epithelial tissues | - stratified squamous - pseudostratified columnar - simple squamous - simple columnar - cuboidal |
| stratified squamous | -multilayered and regenerates rapidly - new cells formed by division near the basal surface push outward, replacing cells that are sloughed off |
| Pseudostratified columnar | - single layer of cells varying in height and the position of their nuclei - forms mucous membranes that lines portions of the respiratory tract |
| simple squamous | -single layer of platelike cells that form a simple squamous epithelium functions in the exchange of material by diffusion - thin and leaky, lines blood vessels and the air sacs of the lungs |
| simple columnar | large, brick-shaped cells of simple columnar epthelia are often found where secretion or active absorption is important |
| cuboidal epithelium | dice-shaped cells specialized for secretion, makes up the epithelium of kidney tubules and many glands, including the thyroid gland and salivary glands |
| Connective Tissue | consisting of a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix, holds many tissues and organs together and in place |
| fibroblasts | secrete fiber proteins |
| macrophages | engulf foreign particles and any cell debris by phagocytosis |
| Types of Connective Tissue | - Loose - Fibrous - Bone - Adipose - Cartilage - Blood |
| Loose connective tissue | - most widespread - binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place |
| Fibrous connective tissue | -dense with collagenous fibers - tendons= attach muscles to bones - ligaments= connect bones at joints |
| Bone | - mineralized -osteoblasts= bone forming cells deposit a matrix of collagen - Ca, Mg, P ions combine into hard mineral -osteon= repeating units that has concentric layers of the mineralized matrix, which are deposited around a central canal |
| Adipose Tissue | - specialized loose connective tissue that stores fat - pads and insulates body and stores fuel |
| Cartilage | - collagenous fibers embedded in a rubbery protein- carbohydrate complex - chondrocytes secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate, which make cartilage strong and flexible - cartilage remains disks |
| Blood | - liquid extracellular matrix called plasma ( water, salts, and dissolved proteins) - Suspended in plasma: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets |
| Types of Muscle Tissue | - Skeletal - Smooth - Cardiac |
| Skeletal muscle | - striated muscle responsible for voluntary movements - consists of bundles of long cells |
| Smooth muscle | - lack striation, found in the walls of the digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries, and other internal organs - involuntary body activities |
| Cardiac muscle | - forms contractile of heart - striated like skeletel - branched fibers that interconnect via intercalated disks, which relay signals from cell to cell and help synchronize heart contraction |
| Nervous Tissue | -receipt, processing, and transmission of information - contains neurons which transmit nerve impulses |
| Neurons | - basic unit of nervous system - receives nerve impulses from other neurons via its cell body and multiple extensions called dendrites - neurons transmit impules to neurons, muscles, or other cells via extensions |
| Glia | help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons, and modulate neuron function |
| hormones | the signaling molecules that are broadcast throughout the body by the endocrine system |
| regulator | internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation |
| conformer | allows its internal condition to change in accordance with external changes in the particular variable |
| homeostasis | maintenance of internal balance |
| What are the two types of feedback in homeostasis? | negative and positive |
| negative feedback | a control mechanism that "damps" its stimulus |
| positive feedback | a control mechanism that amplifies the stimulus |
| acclimatization | an animals physiological adjustment to changes in its external environment |
| thermoregulation | process by which animals maintain their body temperature within a normal range |
| endothermic | warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism |
| ectothermic | gain most of their heat from external sources |
| countercurrent exchange | the transfer of heat (or solutes) between fluids that are flowing in opposite directions |
| metabolic rate | the sum of all the energy an animal uses in a given time interval |
| basal metabolic rate (BMR) | the minimum metabolic rate of a non growing endotherm that is at rest, has an empty stomach, and is not experiencing stress |
| standard metabolic rate (SMR) | the metabolic rate of a fasting, nonstressed ectotherm at rest at a particular temperature |
| torpor | a physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism |
| Hibernation | long term torport that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity |
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