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micro 125 test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the five steps of microbial characterization? | inoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection, identification |
| What is inoculation? | Introduction of an inoculum into media to culture microbes |
| What is media? | Nutrients for the growth of microbes |
| What do we call the tiny amount of sample used to start a culture? | inoculum |
| What is the difference between a mixed culture and a pure culture? | Pure-Container grows only a single microorganism mixed- A container that holds two or more microorganisms |
| What four components must all media have? | 1. carbon source 2. nitrogen source 3. ph buffer 4. sterility |
| What consistencies/textures can microbial media have? | liquid semisolid solid |
| What material is used to make media solid? | agar |
| In what situations would one choose each physical state of media? | liquid- see biochemical reactions semisolid- motility solid- form colonies |
| What is the difference between chemically defined media | aka synthetic media contain organic and inorganic compounds |
| What is general purpose media? | grow microbes |
| What is enriched media and why is it used? | complex organic substances such as blood, serum, hemoglobin or special growth factors |
| What are selective media? | one or more agents that selectively inhibit the growth of a certain microbe or microbes but not others |
| What are reducing media? | Contains a substance (sod. Thioglycollate or cystine) that absorbs oxygen or slows the penetration of oxygen in a medium |
| What supports for growth can an incubator provide? | temp between 20 and 45 c atmospheric gases can be controlled ideal conditions for growth |
| How do we observe incubation? | microbes multiply, visible growth |
| What is a colony? | a macroscopic cluster of cell appearing on a solid medium arising from the multiplication of a single cell |
| Proper isolation yields what kind of culture? | pure culture |
| Each isolated colony originates from the growth of _____________. | single cells from other cells |
| What tools and techniques are necessary for proper isolation? | 1. small number of cells 2. medium with firm surface 3. petri dish 4. inoculating tools |
| What are some possible ways to inspect and identify microbes? | 1. appearance 2. biochemical testing 3. genetic and immunologic testing |
| why use reducing media? | Imp for growing anaerobic bacteria |
| what is carbohydrate fermentation media? | Contain sugars that can be fermented (converted to acids) and a pH indicator to show the reaction |
| why use carbohydrate fermentation media? | to see if carbohydrate fermentation enzymes |
| what is transport media? | to maintain and preserve specimens that need to be held for a period of time before clinical analysis or to sustain delicate species that die rapidly |
| why use transport media? | to maintain and preserve microorganisms |
| what is assay media? | to test the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents |
| what is enumeration media? | to count the numbers of organisms in milk, water, food, soil ect |
| what is an inoculum | small sample of microbes |
| types of media | physical state chemical composition functions type (purpose) |
| liquid media is? | To visualize biochemical reaction that shows microbial enzyme activity. |
| semisolid media is? | To determine the motility of bacteria and to localize reaction to a specific site |
| solid media is? | Provide firm surface on which cells can form discrete colonies |
| solid media also shows? | enzyme activity (enzymes digest gelatin and liquefy it. |
| what is complex media? | If at least one component of a given medium is not chemically defined, the medium belongs to complex category |
| complex media presents a | rich mixture of nutirent |
| examples of complex media is | extracts of animals, plants or yeast |
| why is purpose media used? | contain mixture of nutrients that could support the growth of a variety of microbial life |
| why is selective media used? | Imp in isolation of a specific microorganisms from samples containing dozens of different species microorganisms |
| what is differential media? | Allow multiple types of microorganisms to grow but are designed to display visible differences in how they grow. |
| why use differential media? | Visible differences include variations |
| What is an essential nutrient? | Any substance that must be provided to an organism is called an essential nutrient |
| What is the macronutrients? | large amounts and play roles in cell structure and metabolism. (C, H, O) |
| What is the difference between organic nutrients? | contain carbon, hydrogen the products of living things. |
| what is micronutrient? | Trace elements. small amounts. Involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure |
| what is inorganic nutrients? | simple molecule that containsatoms other than carbon and hydrogen. |
| What are the six elements that make up most of the organic molecules in microbes? | chonps carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphous, sulfur |
| What two terms describe microbes based on where they get their energy, | phototrophs, chemotrophs |
| what is a phototrophs | Photosynthesize |
| what is a chemotrophs? | Gain energy from chemical compounds |
| What two terms describe microbes based on where they get their carbon, | autotrophs (self feeder), heterotrops |
| what is an autotrophs? | One that uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source, depend on other living things |
| Which group encompasses most of the microbes that we will study? | chemoheterotrophs |
| what is an heterotroph? | obtains its carbon in an organic form Energy source |
| what are photoautotrophs? | photosynthetic, produce for themselves and others, basis of most food chains, primary producers |
| photoautotrophs are? | algae, plants, and some bacteria |
| what are chemoautotrophs? | chemoorganic autotrophs, chemosutotrophs, lithoautotrophs |
| chemoorganic autotrophs are? | Use organic compounds for energy and inorganic compounds as a carbon source |
| chemoautotrophs are? | use inorganic energy sources |
| lithoautotrophs are? | rely on inorganic minerals and do not require organic nutrients or sunlight |
| chemoheterotrophs are? | carbon and energy from organic, process through respiration or fermentation |
| what are cardinal temp? | Range of temperatures for the growth |
| what is a minimum temp? | Lowest temperature that permits a microbe’s continued growth and metabolism |
| what is maximum temp | Highest temp at which growth and metabolism can proceed |
| what is optimum temp? | Range of temp between min and max, which promotes the fastest rate of growth and metabolism |
| most human pathogens grown at | 30-40c |
| extreme thermophile are special because | they do not die in boiling water 70c-130c. |
| thermoduric can survive sort expose to | high temps |
| Which category do most human pathogens fall into? | mesophile |
| microbes fall into three categories | use o2 and detoxify it, nuse neither o2 nor detoxify it, do not use 02 but can detoxify it |
| aerobes can use | o2 in their metabolism have enzzymes to process toxic o2 |
| aerotolerant anaerobes do not use | 02 but can survive and grow |
| which o2 pattern can the human body support | aerobes |
| facultatives anaerobes do not require | o2 for metabolism |
| microaerophiles are | harmed by o2 and require small amount |
| obligate 02 microbes have to have | o2 to survive |
| saprobes are | free living microbes that feed on dead organisms |
| saprobes are also | parasites |
| What is a typical pH range for bacterial growth? | 6.5-7 |
| What do we call microbes living at extreme pHs? | extremophile |
| ph is the? | degree of acidity and alkalinity of a solution |
| majority of organisms live at what ph level? | 6-8 |
| capnophiles grow best at | higher co2 tensions |
| in hypotonic solutions | cell swell |
| hypertonic solutions | cell shrink |
| osmophiles live in habitates with | high solute concentration |
| halophiles prefer | high salt concentration |
| Which common human pathogen is a facultative halophile? | staph aureus |
| What is the name for microbes that are adapted to high pressure environments? | extremophiles, barophiles |
| what happens when these extremophiles or barophiles are removed from their environment. | will rupture |
| barophiles are | deep sea microbes |
| faculative halophiles are resistant to | salt |
| radiation interferes with | dna replication |
| mutualism is | Mutually beneficial relationship |
| Many microbes that live on or in humans fall in this category | mutualism |
| in commensalism one recieves | benefit and the other neither harmed nor benefited |
| parasitism host microbes the are | parasitic microbe with nutrients and a habitat |
| parasitism microbes are also known as | pathogenic microbes |
| in mutualism the host gets ___ benefits and the commensal/dependent get ___ benefits | +, + |
| in commensalism the host gets ___ benefits and the commensal/dependent get ___ benefits | 0 + |
| in parasitism the host gets ___ benefits and the commensal/dependent get ___ benefits | - + |
| anatagonism is an association between | free living species that arises when members of a community compete |
| synergism is | interrelationships between 2 or more free living organisms that benefit them |
| synergism are not necessary for | survival |
| the participants of synergism cooperate to produce results that | none can do it alone |
| antibiosis is the production of | inhibitory compound such as antibiotics |
| biofilms are a perfect example of | synergism |
| there are different ways to treat ___ involving ___ | infections, biofilms |
| non symbolic relates to biofilms because of | synergism |
| antibiosis and biofilms relate because | biofilms make is harder for antibiosis because the antibiotics dont work as well |
| what is meant by microbial growth? | growth in population size |
| Generation time is the | The Time it takes to double in numbers |
| Generation time/ doubling time is | Time required for a complete fission cycle |
| What is exponential growth | An equation for size of population |
| Why is exponential growth not sustainable | in a closed batch |
| Steps in binary fission | 1. Parent cell enlarges duplicates chromosomes 2.central septum is formed (protein band) 3. 2 daughter calls form 4. Cell is considered divided when septum is complete. |
| How is viable plate count performed | 1. Add sample to broth 2. Incubate 3. Broth is pulled 4. Samples played in solid media 5. Count colonies |
| Viable plate count | to compare growth patterns |
| Lag phase is the ___ growth | flat |
| During the lag phase it is called the flat growth due to | Cells need to get use to environment, not multiplying at max rate |
| Exponential growth (logarithmic or log) phase is | Increase geometrically Continue as long as nutrients and environment is good |
| Station art growth phase | Cell birth and death is equal Cell division slows Depleted o2 and nutrients |
| Death phase | Cells die cuz of buildup waste Slower growth rate |
| Relevance of the growth curve is | 1.Effectiveness of antimicrobial agents 2. Stages of infection 3. Byoass using chemostats |
| Turbidometry is a tube of | Clear solute becomes cloudy (turbid) |
| More cloudy greater the turbidity | Larger the population |
| Genetic probing uses | real time pcr |
| Coulter count is | Automatic counting (electrical scans) |
| Why are viruses not alive? | 1.non cellular 2. Reliant on host 3. DNA or rna |
| Viruses are not alive another word for them is | Obligate intercelluar parasites |
| New classification of viruses is by | Structure Chemical composition Genetics |
| What is required for viruses to reproduce. | Must be in living host cell |
| Viruses compare to microbes by | Smaller than bacteria |
| A fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in a host cell is called a | viron |
| New classification of viruses is by | Structure Chemical composition Genetics |
| Virus capsized is almost made up of | Repeating structural structures |
| Virus capsid+ core is | Nucleocapsid |
| Virus capsid is made up of | Protein shell |
| Virus capsid is control red from identical subunits called | Capsomers |
| Capsomers are made out of | Protein |
| Virsuses can be | Helical Envelope Spike` |
| Viruses always have | Dna/RNA inside protein shell |
| Viruses will sometimes have | Envelopes |
| Virus envelope is when viruses are | Release from host cell they take a piece of membrane |
| Envelope viruses are | More flexible different shapes |
| enveloped viruses are those that | bud from w.e membrane its attached too (cytoplasm, nucleus)` |
| Spikes are | Naked and enveloped viruses contain protein on outer surface |
| Spike viruses spikes allow it to | Dock with their host cell |
| During adoption phase (animal virus stage 1) the | Virus docks with host cell, Host range, Tropisms |
| Penetration and uncoating is penetration (animal virus stage 2) by | Endocytosis or fusion of envelope and membrane |
| In uncoating of a viruses | Vacuole enzymes dissolve virus cover |
| When viruses is uncoated is released | Nucleic acid |
| Synthesis stage (animal virus stage 3) is where | new dna/rna and viral components are formed |
| dna viruses are replicated and assembled in the | host cell nucleus |
| rna viruses are replicated and assembled in the | cytoplasm |
| nonenveloped/ complex viruses are when | cells lysis or rupture |
| Host range is | Exact fit between host cell and proteins on viral capsid/ envelope |
| Tropisms are viruses that have | Tissue specifications for certain cells in the body |
| chemical control has a complete range of | efficacy |
| What are the major components of the cell? | cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm |
| radiation phtotrops use | visible light rays as energy source |
| cytopathic effects are when viruses | damage host cell |
| examining cells for cytopathic effects are important because | to diagnose viral infections |
| cytopathic effects happen because of the viruses ability to | fuse cell membranes |
| Persistent infections accumulate damage from virus by | cell death |
| provirus is when virus is | incorporated into DNA of host |
| Chronic latent stage is that they periodically become | activated under the influence of certain stimuli and syptoms |
| Ocogenic viruses/ oncoviruses can transform a host cell by | 1 . increase growth rate 2. alter chromosomes 3. change cell surface 4. divide for indefinite period |
| some examples of ocogenic viruses/ oncoviruses are | 1. papillomavirus (genital warts) 2. hepatitis b virus (liver cancer) 3. herpesviruses (Epstein-barr virus causes burkitt lymphoma) |
| Viruses have a basic structure which is a | Protein shell surrounding nucleic acid |
| Host range is | Exact fit between host cell and proteins on viral capsid/ envelope |
| Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that | infect bacteria |
| Bacteriophages (phages) have 2 life cycles and they are | 1. lytic 2. lysogenic |
| Bacteriophages (phages) occurs because | bacterial host cells were being eaten by parasites |
| Bacteriophages (phages) contains | DNA and sometimes DNA and RNA |
| Lysogeny induction is when the virus lysogenic cell becomes | activated and progresses directly to viral replication |
| lysogenic conversion is when a bacterium acquires a | new trait from its temperate phage |
| Lysogeny is | host chromosomes carries viral DNA |
| prions are | infectious protein particles |
| prions have | mental and physical effects |
| prions are called ___ in cows | BSE |
| prions are called ____ in humans | CJD |
| Prions resembles | parkinsons disease |
| satellite viruses depend on | other viruses for replication |
| satellite viruses infect cells that are | already infected with other viruses |
| Viroids infect | plants |
| viroids have naked strands of | RNA |
| germicide and microbicide is | chemical agents that kill microorganisms |
| sporicide is an agent | capable of destroying bactericidial endospores |
| asepsis is any practice that prevents the | entry of infectious agents into sterile tissue. prevents infection |
| antiseptics are applied directly to | exposed body surfaces |
| in death of microbes | Permanent loss of reproductive capability, even under optimum growth conditions |
| microbial control techniques targets the | 1. cell wall 2. cell membrane 3. cellular synthesis (dna/ rna) 4. proteins |
| What are the least resistant microbes | 1.enveloped virus 2. Most gram positive bacteria |
| The most resistant microbes are | 1. Prions. 2. Bacterial endoscopes 3. Mycobacterium |
| cide is the | capacity to kill |
| static is | agent that prevents growth of bacteria |
| sepsis is growth of microorganism in | the blood and other tissues |
| agents use to control microbes inside the body have a | microbistatic effect |
| Elevated temp = | Microbicidal |
| Lower temp (below minimum growth temp) = | Microbistatic |
| vegetative cells that directly become exposed to normal rooms air and become dehydrated | Dessication are |
| Lyophilization | Combination of freezing and drying |
| Shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified temperature | Thermal death time (TDT) – |
| Lowest temperature required to kill all microbes in sample in 10 mins | Thermal death point (TDP) – |
| microorganisms and other cells in a viable state by a combination of freezing and drying | Lyophilization) is used to preserve |
| boiling is limited to | 100c |
| boiling takes ___ to kill pathogens | 30 min |
| incineration is limited to | metals and heat resistant glass materials |
| Coagulation and denaturation of proteins which quickly and permanently halts cellular metabolism | moist heat |
| Dehydration and denaturation – Hight temps for dry heat | dry heat |
| incineration is | fast and effective |
| Pasteurization kills mostly | vegetative pathogens |
| is technique in which heat is applied to liquids to kill infection and spoilage, while at the same time retaining the liquid’s favor and food value | pasterurization |
| liquids to kill infection and spoilage, while at the same time retaining the liquid’s favor and food value | heat resistant materials |
| ionizing radiation is | gamma rays or xrays |
| ionizing radiation penetrates | liquids solids gasses |
| gamma rays are the most | penetrating |
| xrays are | intermediate |
| cathode rays are | less penetrating |
| the advantages of ionizing radiation is that it is | speed, high penetrating power with absences of heat |
| non ionizing radiation is a powerful tool for destroying | fungal cells and spores, bacterial vegetative cells, protozoa and viruses |
| filter sterilization uses a specialized | filter on air or liquids |
| uv disinfection of air is effective in | reducing postoperative infections |
| the limitation of filter sterilization are | dont remove molecules that cause disease, impurities, toxins, doesnt kill anything |
| filtration is an efficent way to remove | airborne contaminants |
| osmotic pressure is large amounts of | salt or sugar |
| aqueous solutions is | dissolved in water |
| tinctures is | dissolved in alcohol or water alcohol mixtures |
| halogens are | iodine and chlorine |
| aldehydes disrupts | enzyme activity |
| aldehydes kills | endospores and all other microbes |
| gas sterilization causes | damaging to mucous membranesq |
| phenol is a | carbolic acid |
| phenol disrupts | cell walls, membranes, and inactivate enzymes |
| phenol | sanitizes |
| chlorhexidine destroys | membranes and denature protein |
| chlorhexiding works on most | vegetative bacteria |
| alcohol disrupts | cell membrane |
| detergents disrupts selective | permeability- cell death |
| heavy metal compounds disrupt | protein function |
| silver nitrate solutions are used for | topical germicides and ointments |
| Chemotherapeutic drug-Any chemical used in the | treatment, relief, or prophylaxis (preventive measures) of a disease |
| Antimicrobial drug- All inclusive term for any | antimicrobial drug, regardless of its origin |
| heavy metal compounds are non effective on | endospore |
| antibiotic substances produced by the metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can | inhibit or destroy other microorganisms |
| antimicrobial chemotherapy is the use of | chemotherapeutic drugs to control infection |
| Semi-synthetic drugs- Drugs that are | chemically modified in lab after being isolated from natural sources |
| Broad spectrum are antibiotic that are | effective against a wide variety of microbial types gram neg and pos |
| an ideal antimicrobial drug has __ and is ___ | selective toxicity and is microbicidal |
| antibiotics are | Natural metabolic products such as bacteria and fungi |
| Synthetic drugs are Drugs produced by | chemical reaction |
| Narrow spectrum are Antibiotic that are | effective against a limited array of microbial types gram pos |
| an ideal antimicrobial drug has relatively | soluble but active when diluted |
| an ideal antimicrobial drug is not | broken down or excreted to quickly |
| an ideal antimicrobial drug has no development of | antimicrobial resistance |
| an ideal antimicrobial drug remains active in | tissues and body fluids |
| many current antibiotics are derived from | bacteria in genera |
| to identify the infectious agent you have to take | specimens |
| therapy may begin before | confirmed id |
| identifying the infectious agents should be done before | drug therapy starts |
| kirby bauer testing you use | pure culture of bacteria is spread on mueller-hinton agar on a small antibiotic paper disks |
| kirby-bauer testing is incubated | 37c |
| kirby bauer testing measures ___ and interprets ___ | zone of inhibition, microbial sensitivity (R, I, S) |
| the agar diffusion test provides useful data on | antimicrobial susceptibility |
| profile of antimicrobial sensitivity is called an | antibiogram |
| minimum inhibitory concentration prepares antibiotic at a known | concentration |
| minimum inhibitory concentration inoculates a small uniform sample of | pure culture into each tube |
| MIC determines the | smallest effective dosage of a drug |
| What microbial methods use most heat | Coagulation and denaturation |
| Which microbe ctontrol uses dry heat | Dehydration and denatiration |
| The Best drug has | high selective toxicity to infectious agent and low human toxicity |
| To determine how toxic an antimicrobic you look at the | therapeutic index |
| The TI is the ratio of dose of the | drug that is toxic to humans compared to its minimum effective (therapeutic dose) |
| The smaller the TI ration the | greater the potential for toxic drug reactions |
| antibiotics do not work against | fungi |
| Macrolide Polyenes disrupt the | selective permeability |
| Macrolide Polyenes treats serious | systemic infections |
| Azoles interfere with | sterol synthesis in fungi |
| Echinocandins inhibit the | cell wall synthesis |
| Nucleotide Cytosine analog disrupts the | DNA/RNA |
| ____ is effective in treating mild and severe intestinal infections and hepatic disease caused by amoeba | Amoebicide metronidazole |
| Quinines are used for | Malaria |
| Treatment for Helminths is | 1. Mebendazole and Albendazole 2. Praziquantel |
| Helminths is difficult to treat because | 1. very large 2. similar to human physiology |
| Antivirals inhibit | virus entry and nucleic acid synthesis |
| drug resistance occurs because of | mutations in genome (mutation in prokaryotes, gene transfer) |
| _____ occurs when there is direct cell-cell contact between two bacteria (which need not be closely related) and transfer of small pieces of DNA called plasmids takes place. This is thought to be the main mechanism of HGT. | conjugation |
| ____ is a process where parts of DNA are taken up by the bacteria from the external environment. This DNA is normally present in the external environment due to the death and lysis of another bacterium. | transformation |
| _______ - occurs when bacteria-specific viruses (bacteriophages) transfer DNA between two closely related bacteria. | transduction |
| Allergic Reactions are immune response to ___ presents after ____ | drug, liver begins processing |
| Drug acts as an ____ and _____ | antigen, stimulates immune response |
| ______ is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism/ cells/tissues | toxicity |
| When a drug therapy destroys beneficial resident species, other microbes that were once in small numbers begin to overgrow and cause disease. This is called ________ | super infection |
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