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Biology Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Heredity | Passing of traits from parents to offspring |
| DNA | A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. |
| chromosome | A threadlike |
| Homologous Chromosomes | Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes that have the same structure |
| Nondisjunction | Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate. |
| gene | A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait. |
| allele | Different forms of a gene. |
| diploid | Containing two complete sets of chromosomes |
| gamete | A sex cell. |
| fertilization | Fusion of an egg and sperm cell. |
| zygote | A fertilized egg. |
| mitosis | Cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes. |
| differentiation | A process in which cells become specialized in structure and function. (Cell specialization) |
| embryo | The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month. |
| meiosis | A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell as in the production of gametes and plant spores. |
| karyotype | A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs. |
| centromere | Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached. |
| trisomy 21 | Carrying an extra copy of chromosome 21; also known as Down syndrome. |
| Hershey and Chase | Concluded that the genetic material of the bacteriophage virus was DNA not protein. |
| Rosalind Franklin | Used X-ray diffraction to discover the double-helical structure of DNA. |
| Chargaff's Rule | [A]=[T] and [G]=[C] - they pair up across from one another forming two strands also called base pairing. |
| Watson and Crick | Developed the double helix model of DNA. |
| proteins | large molecules made up of chains of amino acids; essential constituents of all body cells. |
| amino acids | Monomers or building blocks of proteins. |
| transcription | Synthesis of an mRNA molecule from a DNA template. |
| translation | Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced. |
| uracil | Nitrogen base that pairs with adenine in RNA. |
| codon | Three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid. |
| enzyme | Protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction to build or break down substances. |
| Mutation | A change in a gene or chromosome. |
| carcinogen | A cancer-causing substance |
| mutagen | A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation. |
| oncogenes | genes that cause cancer by blocking the normal controls on cell reproduction |
| cancer | A disease in which some body cells grow and divide uncontrollably... damaging the parts of the body around them. |
| Huntington's disease | A human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms. |
| genetic disorder | A pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene |
| sickle cell anemia | A genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin...resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape |
| cystic fibrosis | A genetic disorder that occurs in people with two copies of a certain recessive allele; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated. |
| hemophilia | An X-linked recessive disorder in which blood fails to clot properly... leading to excessive bleeding if injured. |
| color blindness | A sex-linked trait in which an individual cannot perceive certain colors. |
| Turner Syndrome (XO) | A genetic disorder that affects females. Symptoms include extra folds of skin around neck (webbed neck)... underdeveloped ovaries |
| Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) | A genetic disorder that affects males. |
| Symptoms include underdeveloped sex organs | breast development... large hands |
| Leukemia | Blood condition of white cells; malignant (cancerous) condition. |
| Lymphoma | Malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue |
| Phenylketonuria | A rare inherited disorder that causes an amino acid called phenylalanine to build up in the body. PKU is caused by a defect in the gene that helps create the enzyme needed to break down phenylalanine. |
| Tay-Sachs disease | A genetic disorder that is caused by the absence of an enzyme that helps break down fatty substances. These fatty substances |
| environmental gene expression | Changes in phenotype of an organism when genes are activated by a change in the environment... ex. Fur color/thickness in rabbits |
| gel electrophoresis | Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments. |
| restriction enzymes | Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides. |
| banding pattern | The pattern of lines in an agarose gel. |
| DNA fingerprinting | Analysis of fragments of DNA as a form of identification. |
| genetic engineering | The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes. |
| Recombinant DNA | DNA that has been formed artificially by combining constituents from different organisms. |
| Gene therapy | The insertion of working copies of a gene into the cells of a person with a genetic disorder in an attempt to correct the disorder. |
| Heterotroph | An organism that cannot make its own food. |
| autotroph | An organism that makes its own food |
| Photoautotrophs | Organisms that use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic substances. |
| chemotroph | an organism that gets its energy from chemicals taken from the environment |
| photosynthesis formula | 6CO2 + 6H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| photosynthesis | Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars |
| chloroplast | An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs |
| thylakoid | saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts |
| grana | stacks of thylakoids |
| stroma | fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids |
| pigment | Light-absorbing molecule |
| chlorophyll | Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis |
| carotenes | reflect red and orange |
| xanthophyll | yellow pigment |
| calvin cycle | light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar |
| C4 plants | plants that have adapted their photosynthetic process to more efficiently handle hot and dry conditions |
| ATP | (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use to store energy for most of their work |
| ADP | (Adenosine Diphosphate) The compound that remains when a phosphate group is removed from ATP... releasing energy |
| Van Helmont's Experiment | Watered a plant for 5 years... determined that water was important for plants to grow in size but that soil is not involved in mass growth. |
| Priestly's experiment | showed that plants release oxygen. Bell Jar Experiments... by putting plant in a jar with a candle... showed that plants gave off a combustible gas and added a mouse to prove the gas was oxygen. |
Created by:
MrsShwood
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