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Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Digestive Tract is also called | alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract (GI) |
| What are the functions of the digestive tract? | digestion & absorption |
| What do the accessory organs of the GI tract do? | produces secretions to aid in the process of digestion |
| What are the 8 major organs of the GI tract? | mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine Large intestine rectum anus |
| What are the 6 accessory organs of the digestive system? | teeth tongue salivary glands liver pancreas gallbladder |
| What is Gastroenterology? | the study of the digestive tract and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders |
| What is mechanical digestion (phase I)? | physically breaking down food into smaller pieces |
| What is chemical digestion (phase II)? | STILL NOT ABSORBED! Produces digestive enzymes from salivary gland, stomach, pancreas and small intestine |
| What is the Digestive process? | 1. ingestion 2. mechanical digestion 3. propulsion 4. chemical digestion 3. absorption 4. elimination/defacation |
| What are the 4 tunics of the GI tract? | 1. Mucosa - 3 layers (epithelium, CT, thin muscle) 2. Submucosa - perfuse gut wall w/ blood 3. Muscularis - longitudinal outer layer & circular inner layer; (myenteric plexus) 4. Serosa - visceral peritoneum contacts parietal peritoneum |
| What types of epithelium is the mucosa made of? | stratified squamous - mechanical force and abrasion simple columnar w/goblet cell - areas of nutrient absorption |
| What are the layers of the GI tract? (starting from inner layer) | 1. lumen 2. mucosa (epithelium, lamina propia, muscularis mucosae) 3. submucosa 4. muscularis - inner circular & outer longitudinal 5. serosa - Areolar CT & Epithelium |
| How does the circular folds help in the GI tract? | increases surface area |
| What does the submucosal nerve plexus do? | regulates glands and smooth muscle in the mucosa |
| What does the myenteric plexus do? | regulates motility - peristalsis of gut - controls motion, not food absorption |
| What is another name for submucosal nerve plexus | plexus of Meissner |
| What is another name for myenteric nerve plexus? | plexus of Auerbach |
| What is Peritoneum? | thin membrane lining surface of organs in abdominal cavity |
| What are the layers of the peritoneum? | Parietal - lines inner wall ; contains pain receptors & the folds form the mesenteries Visceral - covers the abdominal organs themselves Peritoneal cavity - space b/w the 2 peritoneum, contains lubricating fluid & adhesions, peritonitis, ascites |
| What is the mesentery? | folds of the peritoneum, encases small & large intestines |
| What does the mesentery do? | >provides webbing blood, lymph, and nerve support >attaches most small & large intestines to posterior abdominal wall |
| What does the mesocolon do? | connects duodenum and part of colon to posterior abdominal wall |
| Greater Omentum | suspended from greater curvature of stomach and covers the intestines. contains fat, prevents friction, and aids in localizing infections |
| Lesser Omentum | passes from lesser curvature of stomach to the transverse fissure of liver |
| Intraperitoneal | mesentery encloses the abdominal organs on both sides, within the peritoneal cavity |
| Retroperitoneal | mesentery covers ventral side of an organ, lies directly against posterior wall EX: duodenum, most of the pancreas, & kidneys |
| Mouth | where digestion begins palate forms roof of mouth; tongue is floor |
| Structures of mouth | Tongue w/lingual papillae lingual frenulum hard & soft palate uvula palatine tonsil sublingual & submandibular salivary glands upper & lower lip teeth gingivae |
| What are the 5 major oral structures? | Tongue - muscle covered mucous membrane Lingual frenulum - anchors tongue to mouth floor Hard Pal - formed by maxillae and palatine bones Soft Pal - arch of muscle b/w mouth and nasopharynx Uvula - cone shaped process hangs down from soft palate |
| What are the functions of Saliva? | 1. Cleans mouth 2. Moistens & dissolves food 3. Contains food-dissolving & Antibacterial enzymes |
| Which 3 glands produce saliva? | Parotid Sublingual Submandibular |
| What makes up saliva? | Water Lysozome Mucin Salivary amylase & and Lipase (starch & fat breakdown) |
| What is a Bolus? | mass of food, easy to swallow |
| Which salivary gland is responsible for swelling & inflammation due to mumps virus (paramyxovirus)? | Parotid Gland |
| Which salivary gland empties into the mouth on either side of lingual frenulum? | Submandibular gland |
| Which salivary gland drains through ducts on the floor of mouth? | Sublingual gland |
| 4 types of teeth | Incisors - sharp front teeth; for biting Cuspids - pointed edge to tear up food; for tearing Premolars - flatter shape with 2 rounded cusps; for mashing Molars - several pointed cusps; for crushing |
| portion of tooth above gum line | Crown |
| gum | Gingiva |
| where root and crown meet | Neck |
| embedded in alveolar socket of mandible | Root |
| hard tissue covering crown | Enamel |
| firm, yellow tissue; makes up bulk of tooth | Dentin |
| mass of blood, nerves, & CT; fills root canals | Pulp Cavity |
| keeps tooth in place | Periodontal ligament |
| covers dentin in the root | Cementum |
| enters through hole at bottom of each tooth | Nerves & Blood vessels |
| 3 parts of the Pharynx | Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx |
| What prevents backflow (Gerd)? | Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) |
| What does Peristalsis do? | entrance of bolus triggers muscle contraction and propels food towards stomach |
| What is Mastication? | chewing - cheeks & closed lips hold food b/w teeth, tongue mixes the food with saliva to soften and teeth cut & grind solid food |
| What is Deglutition? | Swallowing - movement of food from the mouth to the stomach |
| 3 stages of deglutition | voluntary/bucchal phase pharyngeal phase esophageal phase |
| What nutrients are absorbed by the intestines? | Protein, Starch, & Fat |
| Where does digestion mainly take place? | Intestines |
| T/F Alcohol absorbed in small intestines; rate of absorption depends on how quickly the stomach empties its contents into the intestine | TRUE |
| T/F Eating before drinking alcohol speeds up absorption of alcohol | FALSE - slows down |
| Name of folds inside the stomach | Rugae |
| Muscular tank designed to store food, proteins, and churn food | Chyme |
| 4 regions of the stomach | cardia, fundus, body, pylorus |
| 2 curves of the stomach | greater curvature lesser curvature |
| sphincter inside the stomach | pyloric sphincter |
| 4 secretory cells in the stomach | mucus-neck cells parietal cells chief cells enteroendocrine cells |
| 3 glands of the stomach | Cardia, Antrum, Body |
| What are Gastric Pits? | depressions in mucosa where glands secrete gastric juice |
| mucus to protect lining and prevent autodigestion | Mucous-neck cells |
| secrete hydrochloric acid to kill microbes and intrinsic factor to absorb vitamin B12 | parietal cells |
| secrete pepsinogen - a digestive enzyme precursor (zymogen) - activated to pepsin to digest proteins | Chief cells |
| found in the wall of the gut that secrete hormones that regulate numerous processes in the body, including controlling glucose levels, food intake, and stomach emptying | Enteroendocrine Cells |
| gastric glands to increase secretory activity; secreted by G-cells | Gastrin |
| Hormone that increases secretin in liver & pancreas to increase bile & pancreas juice | Cholecystokinin (CCK) |
| inhibits gastric secretion of all products & inhibits gastric motility and emptying | Somatostatin |
| What are the 3 phases of stomach secretion? C.G.I. | Cephalic phase - brain control. Gastric phase - food enters stomach. Intestinal phase - chyme moves to duodenum. |
| What is caused by reverse peristalsis, overstretching, chemical irritants, pain, fear, viruses, bad food? | Vomiting |
| Where does the Medulla oblongata sends 2 impulses from? | Emetic Center 1. upper esophageal sphincter to open 2. esophagus and body of stomach to relax |
| Where are most nutrients absorbed and chemical digestion takes place? | Small Intestines |
| Food moves through small intestines via | Segmentation & Peristalsis |
| 3 subdivisions of the small intestines | Duodenum, Jejunum, Ilieum |
| Ileocecal Sphincter | transition b/w small & large intestine |
| What has more digestive processes than anywhere else in GI tract? | Duodenum |
| Where does the duodenum begin? | Pyloric valve of stomach |
| What does the duodenum receive from the gall bladder? | Bile |
| Where in the stomach HCl is neutralized and pancreatic enzymes begin digestion? | Duodenum |
| What hormone is released by the duodenum? | Secretin |
| What are the 4 things that Secretin can do? | regulates water homeostasis. Inhibits HCl secretion of parietal cells. stimulates bicarbonate from pancreas. stimulates bile from liver |
| What cells are Secretin made by and where? | S-cells of Duodenum |
| What does Secretin do if it is inhibited by H2 atagonists? | reduces gastric acid secretion If reduced, pH will increase above 4.5 and secretin CANNOT be released. |
| Where does digestion TRULY begin? | Duodenum of small intestines |
| What has circular folds of the lining (surface area) in the Jejunum? | Plicae |
| What has projections of the plicae in Jejunum? | Villi |
| What forms the brush border (nutrient absorption) Jejunum? | Microvilli |
| What are the 3 sections of the Jejunum? | Plicae, Villi, Microvilli |
| Where are there clusters of lymphatic nodules, tonsils of the intestines, and they catch and destroy bacteria? | Peyer's Patch of Ileum |
| Ring-like contractions occurs in small intestines 1 area relaxes while the next contracts and breaks up food and mixes with digestive juices | Segmentation |
| Successive waves ripple along, moving waste towards the exit | Peristalsis |
| What do the Plicae (circular folds) do in the jejunum? | slows progress of chyme and increases its contact with mucosa; increasing absorption through exposure |
| What does the Villi do in the jejunum? | covers top of circular folds like a carpet |
| What does Lacteal in jejunum do? | has lymph vessel in each villus that transports fats from small intestines to heart to be pumped out |
| What does the Intestinal cyrpts do in the jejunum? | It's the site of cell regeneration |
| What can the microvilli do in the jejunum? | projects to increase surface area Produce digestive enzymes. |
| What is the largest gland in the body? | Liver |
| What does the Liver produce & secrete? | Bile |
| What does the Liver store & release? | Glucose |
| What does the Liver produce that is involved in blood coagulation? | Proteins |
| The Liver can_________absorbed production of digestion(carbs, fats, vitamins, and iron) | Store |
| The Liver _____________ poisons to make them less toxic and more easily eliminated from the body. | detoxifies |
| What are the 4 lobes of the liver? | 1. Right Lobe 2. Left Lobe 3. Quadrate Lobe (gallbladder side) 4. Caudate Lobe (near IVC) |
| What does the falciform ligament do in the liver? | separates lobes anchors liver to abdominal wall |
| What gives oxygen to the liver from aorta? | Hepatic Artery |
| What vein sends nutrient-rich, deoxygenated blood from digestive system coming to the liver for cleaning? | Hepatic Portal Vein |
| What liver cells are arranged into lobules? | Hepatocytes |
| What do lobules of the liver look like? | hexagonal-shaped |
| Which vein drains by a venule in its center? | Central vein of liver |
| What is the Portal Triad? | 1. Arteriole 2. Venule 3. Bile Duct lymphatic vessels and vagus nerve fibers |
| What can Kupffer cells do? | phagocytize bacteria, dead RBCs and gets debris out |
| The ________vein carries the processed blood to the ____________ vein then to ___________. | Central ; Hepatic ; IVC |
| What does the blood filter through? | Sinusoids |
| What 3 things do sinusoids do? | Removes nutrients (amino acids, iron, glucose, & vitamins) Removes Toxins, hormones, and drugs Adds clotting factors (albumin, angiotensin, & glucose) |
| What is Bile? | Salt secreted by the liver |
| What is emulsifies? | Breaks down large fat droplets |
| Where is bile concentrated and stored? | Gallbladder |
| What 3 things does the Gallbladder store and where does it flow down through? | Mostly water small amount of bile salts Bilirubin flows through common bile duct |
| What happens if there is a backup of bile in the tissue? | Jaundice |
| What controls bile from the common bile duct as it merges with pancreatic duct? | Ampulla of Vater |
| What controls the flow of both bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum? | Spinchter of Oddi |
| Which is the large gland behind the stomach? | Pancreas |
| Pancreas secretes what digestive enzymes in an alkaline fluid secreted to duodenum? | Pancreatic juice is an exocrine function |
| Which cells secrete digestive enzymes? | Acinar Cells |
| What secretes bicarbonate to neutralize HCl chyme? | Epithelial Cells |
Created by:
hrmcgee
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