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Midterm 2
Chapters: 29,30,35, Plant Phys
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Green alga protist ancestor steps | 1. gametophyte (n) 2. gametes (n) 3. fusion (n+n) 4. zygote (2n) 5. sporophyte (2n) 6. spores (n) |
| green alga ancestor | eukaryotic, multicellular, kingdom plantae, cell type, special organelles |
| plant features | 1. apical meristems 2. alternation of generations 3. cellulose in walls 4.chloroplasts 5. embryo nourished by gametophyte 6. spores from sporophyte 7. sex organs 8. starch as energy reserves 9. stomates |
| Ten Phyla of Extant Plants | 1.Anthocerophyta 2. Anthophyta 3. Bryophyta 4. Coniferophyta 5.Cycadophyta 6.Ginkgophyta 7. Gnetophyta 8. Hepatophyta 9. Lycophyta 10. Pterophyta |
| Nonvascular Plants (Bryophytes) | 1. Anthocerophyta 2. Bryophyta 3. Hepatophyta |
| Common Name of Hepatophyta | Liverworts |
| Common Name of Anthocerophyta | Hornworts |
| Common Name of Bryophyta | Mosses |
| What are the Two Types of Vascular Plants? | Seedless vascular and seed plants |
| What are the Two Parts of Seed Plants? | Gymnosperms and Angiosperms |
| Seedless Vascular Plants | Lycophyta and Pterophyta |
| Seed Plants (Gymnosperms) | 1. Coniferophyta 2. Cycadophyta 3.Ginkgophyta 4. Gnetophyta |
| Seed Plants (Angiosperm) | Anthophyta |
| Origin of Land Plants | 475 mya |
| Origin of Vascular Plants | 420 mya |
| Origin of extant seed plants | 305 mya |
| facts of nonvascular plants | 1. Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts 2. No true vascular tissue 3. No true cuticle 4. Gametophyte dominant, sporophyte dependent 5. flagellated sperm |
| Diploid | fertilization to meiosis |
| haploid | meiosis to fertilization |
| facts of seedless vascular plants | 1. vascular tissue (xylem /phloem) 2. cuticle 3. sporophyte dominant 4. gametophyte small and independent 5. roots, stems true leaves 6. flagellated sperm 7. earliest fossil 410 mya then massive radiation in carboniferous created "coal forests" |
| seed plants have.... | 1. seeds 2. reduced gametophyes 3. heterospory 4. ovules 5. pollen |
| mosses and other nonvascular plants | 1. gametophyte dominant 2. sporophyte reduced |
| ferns and other seedless vascular plants | 1. gametophyte reduced 2. sporophyte dominant |
| seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) | 1. gametophyte reduced 2. sporophyte dominant |
| The ancestors of seed plants were likely ___, while seed plants are ___. | homosporous; heterosporous |
| megasporangia | produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes |
| microsporangia | produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes |
| Three steps of an ovule to a seed | 1. unfertilized ovule 2. fertilized ovule 3. gymnosperm seed |
| unfertilized ovule | 1. integument 2. megasporangium 3. megaspore 4. spore wall |
| fertilized ovule | 1. female gametophyte 2. spore wall 3. egg nucleus 4. discharged sperm nucleus 5. male gametophyte 6. micropyle 7. pollen grain |
| gymnosperm seed | 1. seed coat 2. food supply 3. embryo |
| gymnosperms consist of four phyla | 1. cycadophyta (cycads) 2. Gingkophyta 3. Gnetophyta 4. Coniferophyta |
| progymnosperms | begun to acquire some adaptations that characterize seed plants |
| characteristics of angiosperms | 1. phylum anthophyta 2. fruits (novelty) 3. 2 integuments on ovule 4. flowers (novelty) 5. double fertilization 6. 250k spp; 450+ families; dominant 7. from early cretaceous (130 mya) |
| fruit | consists of a mature ovary but can also include other flower parts |
| Five Derived Traits of Seed Plants | 1. reduced gametophytes 2. heterospory 3. ovules 4. pollen 5. seeds |
| Pollination | 1. coevolution 2. types of pollinators 3. attracting pollinators 4. rewarding pollinators 5. economic importance 6. pollinators in decline |
| monocot characteristics | 1. one cotyledon 2. veins usually paralell 3. vascular tissue scattered 4. root system vibrous 5. pollen grain with one opening 6. floral organs in multiples of three |
| eudicot characteristics | 1. two cotyledons 2. veins usually netlike 3. vascular tissue arranged in a ring 4. taproot 5. pollen grain with three openings 6. Floral organs usually in multiples of four or five |
| Plants have ___ composed of different ___, which in turn are composed of different ___ types | organs; tissues;cell |
| Plants take up water and minerals from | below ground |
| Plants take up CO2 and light | above ground |
| Three basic organs evolved to facilitate efficient resource acquisition | roots, stems, and leaves |
| organs of angiosperm | 1. flower 2. leaves 3. stems 4. roots |
| What parts are in shoot system? | 1. reproductive shoot 2. apical bud 3. node 4. internode 5. apical bud 6. vegetative shoot 7. leaf 8. axillary bud 9. stem |
| What parts are in root system? | 1. taproot 2. lateral branch roots |
| root | an organ with important functions: Anchoring the plant Absorbing minerals and water Storing carbohydrates |
| taproot system | Tall plants with large shoot masses |
| taproot | develops from the primary root and functions in anchoring the plant in the soil, with lateral roots absorbing. |
| fibrous root system | spreads out like a thick mat below the soil surface |
| Root hairs | finger-like extensions of epidermal cells, form near the root tip and increase the absorptive surface of the root |
| nodes | the points at which leaves are attached |
| internodes | the stem segments between nodes |
| axillary bud | a structure that has the potential to form a lateral branch, thorn, or flower |
| leave characteristics | -photosynthesis -gas exchange -water evaporation -veins of a Monocot -veins of a Eudicot |
| Three tissue systems | dermal, ground, vascular |
| dermal tissue system | consists of the epidermis covered by a waxy cuticle |
| periderm | replace the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots |
| guard cells | facilitate gas exchange in shoots |
| trichomes | outgrowths of the shoot epidermis that can reduce water loss, reflect light, and help defend against insects |
| Vascular Tissues | transport of materials through the plant and provides mechanical support |
| Two vascular tissues: | xylem and phloem |
| xylem | conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots |
| phloem | transports sugars from where they are made (primarily leaves) to storage structures or sites of growth |
| stele | The vascular tissue of a root or stem |
| vascular cylinder | the stele of the root |
| ground tissue system | Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular |
| pith | Ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue |
| cortex | ground tissue external to the vascular tissue |
| The major types of plant cells are | Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Water-conducting cells of the xylem Sugar-conducting cells of the phloem |
| Mature parenchyma cells | -Have thin and flexible primary walls -Generally lack secondary walls -Have a large central vacuole -Perform the most metabolic functions -Retain the ability to divide and differentiate |
| Collenchyma cells | -grouped in strands and help support young parts of the plant shoot -They have unevenly thickened primary cell walls -They are living at maturity -These cells provide flexible support without restraining growth |
| Sclerenchyma cells | -rigid due to thick secondary walls containing lignin, a strengthening polymer -They are dead at functional maturity |
| Two types of sclerenchyma cells | - sclereids -fibers |
| Sclereids | short and irregular in shape |
| Fibers | long and slender and arranged in threads |
| Water-Conducting Cells of the Xylem | Tracheids and vessel elements, are dead and lignified at maturity |
| Tracheids | found in the xylem of all vascular plants |
| Vessel elements | common to most angiosperms, and a few gymnosperms and seedless vascular plants. They align end to end to form long pipes called vessels |
| Sugar-Conducting Cells of the Phloem | - alive at maturity, but lack organelles - In seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms, sugars are transported through sieve cells - In angiosperms, sugars are transported in sieve tubes, chains of cells called sieve-tube elements |
| sieve plates | porous end walls between sieve-tube elements that allow flow between cells |
| meristems | Indeterminate, by undifferentiated tissues |
| The herbaceous habit | No secondary growth Drought avoiders/cold avoiders Annuals/perennials |
| Primary Growth | During primary growth, cells produced by the meristem give rise to three primary meristems that will produce the mature tissues of the plant |
| primary meristems | The protoderm produces dermal tissue The ground meristem produces ground tissue The procambium produces vascular tissue |
| root cap | protects the root apical meristem as the root pushes through soil |
| Growth occurs just behind the root tip, in three zones of cells: | -cell division -elongation -differentiation, or maturation |
| shoot apical meristem | a dome-shaped mass of dividing cells at the shoot tip |
| Axillary buds | develop from meristematic cells left at the bases of leaf primordia |
| Secondary growth increases the diameter of stems and roots in woody plants | -occurs in gymnosperms and many eudicots, but is rare in monocots -growth occurs in stems and roots of woody plants but rarely in leaves -consists of the tissues produced by the vascular cambium and cork cambium |
| Plants need to acquire and circulate nutrients | -Carbon and energy from photosynthesis is transported via phloem -Water and nutrients are from the soil are transported via xylem |
| Macro-nutrients needed by plants | CHOPKINS CaFe Mg |
| Micronutrients needed by plants | MoMn CuZn B |
| xylem | Transport in plants Water and nutrients from soil |
| PHLOEM | Sugar |
| Acquisition of Energy and Carbon: Photosynthesis | -Occurs in the mesophyll of the leaf, in the chloroplasts -Inputs: light, H2O, CO2 Chlorophyll, Xylem, Stomates -Outputs: C6H12O6, O2 Phloem, Stomates |
| translocation | The products of photosynthesis are transported by phloem sieve-tube elements |
| Phloem sap | (sugar water) travels from a sugar source to a sugar sink |
| sugar source | an organ that is a net producer of sugar, such as mature leaves |
| sugar sink | an organ that is a net consumer or depository of sugar, such as roots, buds, and fruits |
| pressure flow | Phloem sap moves through xylem cells by bulk flow driven by positive pressure |
| Phloem sap flows from sources, where pressure is ___, to sinks, where pressure is low | high |
| Bulk flow by positive pressure (pressure flow) in a sieve tube | 1) loading of sugar 2) uptake of water 3) unloading of sugar 4) recycling of water |
| cohesion-adhesion | Water and dissolved nutrients enter the plant through root hairs or mycorrhizal hairs and are pushed a short distance up the plant |
| Meanwhile, at the top of the plant, ___ of water vapor is happening through the stomates of the leaves. | transpiration |
| Cohesion-tension hypothesis says | transpiration and water cohesion pull water from shoots to roots |
| Transpiration of water vapor out of stoma pulls water from the cells of leaf ___ and ___. | mesophyll; xylem. |
| Since water is ____ (sticks to itself) it pulls xylem sap up from the roots. | cohesive |
| Generation of transpirational pull | 1. Water Vapor diffuses via stomata 2. water vapor replaced from water film 3. air water interface retreats 4. increased surface tension pulls water from cells and air spaces 5. water from xylem pulled into cells and air spaces |
| Plant Responses to External and Internal Signals | Light Gravity Insect Predation Touch Moisture Growth and other hormones Seasons (photoperiod) Drought Cold |
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