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Vascular Plants
Chapter 35
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cell | fundamental unit of life |
| tissue | a group of cells consisting of one or more cell types that together perform a specialized function |
| organ | consists of several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions |
| root | an organ that anchors a vascular plant in the soil, absorbs minerals and water, an often stores carbohydrates and other reserves |
| lateral roots | branch, greatly enhancing the ability of the root system to anchor the plant and to acquire resources such as water and minerals from the soil |
| taproot | develops from the primary root |
| root hairs | thin, finger-like extensions of root epidermal cells, emerge and increase the surface area of the root enormously. |
| stem | plant organ bearing leaves and buds |
| nodes | the points at which leaves are attached |
| internodes | the stem segments between nodes |
| apical bud | shoot tip |
| axillary bud | form a lateral branch or a thorn or flower |
| leaf | the main photosynthetic organ |
| petiole | joins the leaf to the stem at a node |
| veins | the vascular tissue of leaves |
| tissue system | continuous throughout the plant, connecting all the organs |
| dermal tissue system | serves as the outer protective covering of the plant |
| epidermis | a tightly packed cells |
| cuticle | waxy, epidermal coating, helps prevent water loss |
| periderm | protective tissues |
| guard cells | specialized epidermal cells |
| trichomes | highly specialized epidermal cells found in shoots consists of outgrowths |
| vascular tissue system | to facilitate the transport of materials through the plant and to provide mechanical support |
| xylem | conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots |
| phloem | transports sugars, the products of photosynthesis |
| stele | vascular tissue of a root or stem |
| pith | ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue |
| cortex | ground tissue that is external to the vascular tissue |
| parenchyma cells | primary walls that are relatively thin and flexible, and most lack secondary walls |
| collenchyma cells | grouped in strands that help support young parts of the plant shoot |
| sclerenchyma cells | function as supporting elements in the plant but are much more rigid than collenchyma cells |
| lignin | a relatively indigestible strengthening polymer that accounts for more than a quarter of dry mass of wood |
| sclereids | impart hardness to nutshells and seed coats and the gritty texture to pear fruits |
| fibers | grouped in strands, are long , slender, and tapered. |
| tracheids | occur in the xylem of all vascular plants |
| vessel elements | wider, shorter, thinner walled, and less tapered than the tracheids |
| root cap | protects the delicate apical meristem as the root pushes through the abrasive soil |
| endodermis | innermost layer of the cortex |
| pericycle | solid core of xylem and phloem tissues surrounded by a cell layer |
| stomata | allow exchange of CO2 and O2 between the surrounding air and the photosynthetic cells inside the leaf |
| mesophyll | leaf's ground tissue |
| bark | includes all tissues external to the vascular cambium |
| development | the specific series of changes by which cells form tissues, organs, and organisms |
| polarity | the condition of having structural or chemical differences at opposite ends of an organism |
| pattern formation | the development of specific structures in specific locations |
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