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Plant Diversity II
Chapter 30
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| seed | consists of an embryo and its food supply, surrounded by a protective coat |
| integument | layer of sporophyte tissue; envelops and protects the megasporangium |
| ovule | the whole structure-megasporangium, megaspore, and their integuments |
| pollen grain | consists of a male gametophyte enclosed within the pollen wall |
| pollination | the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant that contains the ovules |
| flower | angiosperm structure that is specialized for sexual reproduction |
| sepals | base of the flower |
| petals | brightly colored in most flowers and can aid in attracting pollinators |
| stamens | microsporophylls; they produce microspores that develop into pollen grains containing male gametophytes |
| filament | stamen consists of a stalk |
| anther | terminal sac |
| carpels | megasporophylls: they produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes |
| stigma | tip of carpel |
| style | stigma to a structure at the base of the carpel |
| ovary | contains one or more ovules |
| pistil | single carpel or two or more fused carpels |
| fruit | ovary wall thickens and ovary matures |
| embryo sac | each ovule, develops in the ovary contains female gametophyte |
| cross-pollination | the transfer of pollen from an anther of a flower on one plant to the stigma of a flower on another plant of the same species |
| micropyle | a pore in the integuments of the ovule, and discharges two sperm cells into the female gametophyte |
| double fertilization | one fertilization event produces a zygote and the other produces a triploid cell |
| cotyledons | zygote develops into a sporophyte embryo with a rudimentary root and one or two seed leaves |
| endosperm | tissue rich in starch and other food reserves that nourish the developing embryo |
| monocots | species with one cotyledon |
| eudicots | vast majority of species once categorized as dicots form a large clade |
| basal angiosperms | diverged from other angiosperms early in the history of the group |
| magnoliids | fourth lineage |
| seed plants have become the dominant ____ on land | producers |
| All seed plants have ____, ____, ____, and ____. | reduced gametophytes, heterospory, ovules, pollen |
| Gametophyte life cycle | mosses and other bryophytes |
| sporophyte life cycle | ferns and other seedless vascular plants |
| In nonvascular plants and seedless vascular plants such as ferns, free living gametophytes release _____ ____ that swim through a film of water to reach eggs | flagellated sperm |
| ____ were the main way that mosses, ferns, and other seedless plants spread over Earth for the first 100 million years of plant life on land | spores |
| What advantages do seeds provide over spores? | spores are usually single-celled, wheras seeds are multicellular |
| extant seed plants form two sister clades | gymnosperms and angiosperms |
| conifers | cone-bearing plants; pines, firs, and redwoods |
| Three reproductive adaptations | the miniaturization of their gametophytes, the advent of the seed resistant, dispersible stage in the life cycle, and the appearance of pollen as an airborne agent that brings gametes together |
| Of the ten plant phyla, four are gymnosperms | Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, and Coniferophyta |
| A flower is specialized shoot that can have up to four types of modified leaves called floral organs | sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels |
| What characteristics do flowers vary? | shape, size, color, odor |
| What is the function of double fertilization in angiosperms? | -synchronizes the development of food storage in the seed with the development of the embryo - occurs in some gymnosperm species belonging to the phylum Gnetophyta |
| Most of our food comes from ____. | angiosperms |
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