Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Lecture Exam 2
Chapter 5-11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chapter 5 Heart & Blood Vessels Functions for the Cardiovascular System: | Transport Blood to Blood Plasma. Blood Plasma Blood being circulated formed elements. |
| 4 Types of circuits: | 1. Systemic Circuits 2. Coronary Circuits 3. Pulmonary Circuits 4. Fetal Circuits |
| Systemic Circuits | serving the REST OF THE BODY |
| Coronary Circuits | serving the Heart |
| Pulmonary Circuits | GAS EXCHANGES at the LUNGS |
| Fetal Circuits | serving the FETUS |
| 3 Types of blood vessel: | 1. Arteries 2. Capillaries 3. Veins |
| Arteries | Transport blood away from the heart. |
| Capillaries | Microscopic blood vessels. Each Capillary consist of multiple capillaries are used for exchange: nutrients, cellular waste |
| Veins | carries oxygen & drains blood toward the heart. |
| Blood contains : | Oxygenated Blood & Deoxygenated Blood |
| Oxygenated Blood has : | Rich Oxygen Blood |
| Deoxygenated Blood has: | Poor Oxygen Blood |
| Arteries carries both : | Oxygenated & Deoxygenated Blood |
| Veins carries both : | Deoxygenated Blood & Oxygenated Blood |
| The Heart consist 4 Chambers | 2 Atria: Right & Left Atrium 2 Ventricles: Right & Left Ventricles |
| Right side of the Heart transport: | Deoxygenated Blood (Poor Oxygen Blood) through the Right Atrium & Right Ventricle. |
| Left side of the Heart transport: | Oxygenated Blood (Right Oxygen Blood) through the Left Atrium & Left Ventricle. |
| Systole: | Heart Contraction |
| Diastole: | Heart Relaxation |
| Cardiac Cycle: | Reflects the mechanical component of the our heart. |
| All 4 Chambers of the Heart can: | Relax(Diastole) simultaneously. |
| But All 4 Chambers of the Heart cannot: | Contract(Systole) simultaneously. |
| Electrical Component of the Heart- | Dictates the pace of the heart |
| Electrical Component of the Heart consist of: | SA node- Orctestra Conductor AV node Bundle Branches Purkinge Fiber |
| What controls the Electrical Component of the Heart 3 consist: | 1.Cardiac Muscle 2.Nervous System 3.Endocrine System |
| Intrinscic Control Mechanism | Cardiac Muscle |
| Extrinsic Control Mechanism | Nervous System Endocrine System |
| 2 Organ Systems of the Electrical Component of the Heart | 1.Nervous System 2.Endocrine System |
| P wave deflection is followed by Arial Systole means: | Both areas of the contracting (Systole) |
| QRS wave contains 2 things: | Artial Diastole & Ventricular Systole |
| Arial Diastole means | Both Arials are Relaxing |
| Ventricular Systole means | Both Vintriculars are Contracting |
| T wave deflection is followed by Ventricular Diastole means | Both Ventricles are Relaxing |
| Ventricular Fibrillation | Heart is Failing/Dying. |
| Chapter 6 Function of the Blood Transport | -Gas -Nutrient -Cellular Waste -Hormones -Vitamins -Proteins -Electrolytes -Regulation |
| Blood Transportation for Gases | Carbon Dioxide (CO2) & Oxygen (O2) |
| Blood Transportation for Nutrients | Glucose, Amino Acids |
| Blood Transportation for Cellular Waste | Urine |
| Blood Transportation for Hormones | Insulin, Glucagon, Somatostatin |
| Blood Transportation for Vitamins | Vitamin-A Vitamin-B Vitamin-C Vitamin-D Vitamin-E Vitamin-K thiamine (B1) riboflavin (B2) niacin (B3) pantothenic acid (B5) pyroxidine (B6) biotin (B7) folate (B9) and cobalamin (B12). |
| Blood Transportation for Proteins | Insulin Digestive Ezymes Coronin Elastin Lactase |
| Blood Transportation for Electrolytes | Na, Ca, Cl, HCO3 |
| Blood Transportation for Regulation | Homeostasis, regulate Body Tempreature |
| 4 vascular circuits total: | Systemic Coronary Pulmonary Fetus |
| Systemic & Coronary Transport: | Arteries & Oxygenated Blood |
| Pulmonary & Fetus Transport : | Veins & Oxygenated Blood |
| Cardiovascular System is a | Circut |
| Lymphatic System is | Linear |
| Lymphatic System has | Lymphatic Vessels & Lymphatic Organ |
| Lymphatic Organ consist of 2 Primary Systems: | Primary Lymphatic System & Secondary Lymphactic System |
| Primary Lymphatic System consist: | Red Bone Marrow |
| Secondary Lymphactic System consist: | Spleen Lymph Vessel |
| Arrhythmia is | Abnormal rythm of the heart. |
| ICD | implantable cardioverter defibrillator |
| Blood contains | Blood Plasma & Formed Element |
| Blood Plasma consist | 92 % of water |
| Formed Elements Formed of Blood contians | Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Platelets |
| Erythrocytes are | Red Blood cells without a nucleus and Mitochondria |
| Leukocytes are | White Blood cells with one cell with a proper nucleus and part of the immune system. |
| Platelets are | cells fragments (not cells) |
| Oxygen transport: | 98.5% in RBCS |
| Oxygen contains: | 15% in Blood Plasma |
| Carbon Dioxide transport: | 70% as Bicarbonate |
| Carbon Dioxide transport: | 23% by RBCS |
| Carbon Dioxide transport: | 70% in Blood Plasma |
| CO2 | Carbon Dioxide |
| H2O | Water |
| H2CO3 | Carbonic Acid |
| H2CO3(-) | 70% Bicarbonate |
| H(+) | Protons |
| 2 Classes of Leukocytes: | 1. Granulaur Leukocytes 2. Agranular Leukocytes |
| Granulaur Leukocytes has: | Neutrophils; Esinophils; and Basophils |
| Agranular Leukocytes has: | Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Macrophage |
| Lymphocytes has: | B lymphocytes T lymphocytes |
| Prothrombin | Proteins floating blood Plasma |
| Prothrombin Activator | Thrombin will catalyze the conversion of Fibrogen |
| Fibrogen | Protein floating in blood Plasma |
| Fibrin | will clot the blood. |
| Blood Formed Elements | Types A, B, A-B, and O |
| Blood for receiving for Blood Plasma for Type A | Antibodies B |
| Blood for receiving for Blood Plasma for Type B | Anabodies A- |
| Blood for receiving for Blood Plasma for Type A-B | No Anabodies |
| Blood for receiving for Blood Plasma for Type O | No Anabodies both A and B |
| Blood Type A can only accept | RBCS (A) |
| Blood Type B can only accept | RBCS (B) |
| Blood Type A-B can accept | RBCS (A & B) |
| Blood Type O can only accept | RBCS (O) |
| There are 2 organ systems: | 1. Cardiovascular System 2. Lymphatic System |
| Cardiovasular System consist: | Blood Vessels: arteries, capillaries, and veins |
| Lymphatic System consist: | Lymphatic Vessels (veins like): have internl vavles to prevent Back Flow |
| The difference between the Cardiovascular System(CVS) & Lymphatic System(LS) | (CVS) is a Circut & (LS) is Linear |
| Lymphatic System ex: | Cells: Thymus Vessel: Red Bone Marrow Organs: Primary Lymphatic System Seconday Lymphatic System: Spleen & Lymphatic Vessels |
| Red Bone Marrow: | Is the site of production of all types Formed Elements : Erthrocytes, Leukocytes, Plateles |
| Immune System: | -Inmate/Non specific defense -Adaptive/ Acquired Specific Defense: developes after birth |
| Inmate/Non specific defense | No Memory |
| Adaptive/ Acquired Specific Defense | Has Memory |
| 1st line of Defense (Physical Barriers) pt 1 | Cutaneous Membrane & Mucous Membrane |
| Cutaneous Membrane consist of : | The Skin |
| Mucous Membrane consist of: | Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive |
| 1st line of Defense (Chemical Barriers) pt 2 | Sebums |
| Sebums | secreated from sebacous gland |
| Sweat, Saliva, Tears | have chemical that can neutralize microorganism |
| 1st line of Defense pt3 (Resistive Barriers) | Large Intestine |
| S "Cardinal Sign" of Inflammation | -Red -Heat -Swelling -Pain -Loss of Function |
| Protective Barrier | Complements Inferons |
| Complements | punture the surface of Bacteria |
| Inferons | one released by infected body cells to notify Non-infected body cells about presence of virus in the body |
| Humoral Immunity | Is mediated by B-cells (B Lymphocytes) |
| Celluar Immunity | Is mediated by T-cells (T Lymphocytes) |
| B Lymphocytes | mediate into Plasma cells Produce & Release Antibodies are Proteins |
| Proteins | coded by genes |
| There are 5 classes | Ig (M), Ig (A), Ig(D), Ig(G), Ig(E) |
| Ig | Immungoblin Antibody |
| Ig(A) | Found in Mothers Milk |
| Ig (G) | croses the placenta to protect the fetus |
| T Lymphocytes | -helper T-cells (Th-cells) -Cytoxic T-cells (Tc-cells) |
| Th-cells | control both arms of specific immune system |
| Tc-cells | they kill cancer cells, transplated cells, Bacteria infected cells, Virus infected cells, Fungus infected cells |
| To kill Tc-cells they release 2 Chemicals | 1. Perfourm 2. Granzymes |
| Granzymes | induce cells to commit suicide. Fight off intercellular pathogens inside the body cells Effect only against Extracellular pathogens |
| Chapter 9 : Digestive System "Main function of the Digestive System": | Is to breakdown ingested food we can absorb the nutrient |
| Humans cannot absorb: | Proteins Carbohydrates & Lipids |
| Function for Proteins | Will be digested/ broken down into their building block (amino acids) before we can absorb. |
| GI tract consist of 4 different type layers/tunes of tissue | 1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscular 4. Serosa |
| Mucosa | Mucous Membrane deals with: Food, Taste-Buds, Chyme, & Faces |
| Submucosa | areolar connective tissue beneath the Mucous Membrane |
| Muscular | Smooth Muscle |
| Serosa | the tissue of a serous membrane. |
| Digestive System function | Food, Mouth, Mastication (chewing), Bolus, Swallowing, Esophagus, & ingestion |
| Walls in the TOP of the Digestive System | 1/3 Skeletal Muscle |
| Walls in the MIDDLE of the Digestive System | 1/3 Skeletal & Smooth Muscle |
| Walls in the BOTTOM of the Digestive System | 1/3 Smooth Muscle (only) |
| The Human Stomach | converts bolus into chymes |
| Bolus function | will be converted into chymes |
| 3 layers of smooth muscle in the stomach | 1.outer longitudinal 2. the middle circular 3. and the inner oblique muscles. |
| Chyme will transit through the entire small intestine | -Duodenum(10 in) -Jejunum (8 ft) -Ileum (12 ft) |
| Jejunum | absorb more than 90% of ALL available digested nutrients |
| Large Intestine function | cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus |
| Internal Sphincter consist of | Smooth Muscle |
| External Sphincter consist of | Skeletal Muslce |
| Accessory Organs comes in direct contact with food or bolus | teeth grows up to 20 during (childhood), grows up 32 in (adulthood) |
| 4 quadrants arranged in the Accessory Organs : consist of 8 teeth quadrant | 3 motors, 2 premotors, canine, later incisors |
| Enamel | is the hardest substance in the human body stronger than bone. |
| Gallbladder | (stores bile) is required to digest fat |
| Pancreas | has (pancreatic juice) helps with digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids(DNA &RNA) |
| Pancreas contains: | Bicarbonate neutalizes acidity from the stomach. Also has 1% of cells |
| Pancreas also ha Endocrine System: | (Insulin & Glucogen) maintain Blood Glucose Homeostasis |
| Hormones are Chemical Messengers are: | Released to kick start digestion proir to absorption |
| CCK | Cholecystoknin |
| Bile helps | Lipids/Fat digestion |
| (Starch/Polysaccharides)-> function for the Digestive System: | Digest |
| Glucose/Monosaccharides)-> function for the Digestive System: | Absorb |
| (Proteins) -> function for the Digestive System: | Digest |
| (Amino Acids) function for the Digestive System: | Absorb |
| (Lipids) function for the Digestive System: | Digest |
| (Fatty Acids)-> (Monosaccharides) function for the Digestive System: | Absorb |
| (Starch/Polysaccharides) ->(Maltose/Disaccharide)-> (H2O/Water)-> Hydrolysis | Glucose/Monosaccharides |
| (Protein + H2O) -> | Hydrolysis |
| (Peptides + H20) -> | Hydrolysis |
| Amino Acids | Absorbed |
| Chp 10 Respiratory System The respiratory system contains: | Oxygen (O2) & Carbon Dioxide (CO2) |
| The Respiratory System is divided into 2 subdivisions of the Upper Respiratory Tract | 1. Nose (Nasal Cavity) 2. Pharynx (Throat) |
| Nasal Cavity starts | at the External Nares Front of the Nose |
| Nasal Cavity ends | at the Internal Nares Back of the Nose |
| Upper Respiratory Tract is divided into 3 regions | 1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx |
| Upper Respiratory Tract is lined up by a | Mucous Membrane |
| Upper Respiratory Tract structure | Ambient Air -> Nose (Nasal Cavity) -> Nasopharynx -> Oropharynx -> Laryngopharynx |
| Low Respiratory Tract start at the | Larynx |
| Low Respiratory Tract are | vocal cords to produce sound |
| Low Respiratory Tract structure | built from Cartilage |
| Low Respiratory Tract contains 3 large total pieces: | 1. Epiglottis 2. Thyriod Cartilage 3. Cricoid Cartilage |
| Trachea is built by | incomplete Cartilage rings |
| Trachea contains smooth muscle called: | Trachealis |
| Trachealis will: | allow a large Bolus to go through our Esophagus |
| Bolus and Esophagus is located in the | Back of the Trachea |
| Trachea is located in the | Front of the Treacha |
| Trachea contains | Unicellular Gland called Goblet Cells |
| Unicellular Gland consist | Mucous Membrane |
| Goblet Cells | secrete a protein called Mucin |
| Mucin | Is mixed with water becomes Mucous |
| Mucous | Is a filter system that prevents particles from getting into the lungs . |
| Larynx is split into 2 Bronchus | 1. Right Primary Bronchus 2. Left Primary Bronchus |
| Right Primary Bronchus | serves the Right Lungs |
| Left Primary Bronchus | serves the Left Lungs |
| Right Primary Bronchus split into | 3 Bronchus |
| Left Primary Bronchus split into | 2 Bronchus |
| Each Alveolus is a microscopic structure that allows | Gas exchanges between Oxygen (O2) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) |
| Pulmonary function can be monitored by 2 sets of Data: | Lung Volume Lung Capacity |
| Tidal Volume | is the amount air being displaced by one Breath at rest |
| Inspirator Reserved Volume | is the amount air being forcefully inhaled by one Breath at rest |
| inhaled volume for Inspirator Reserved Volume | 2,900 ml ----------- 2.9 liters |
| exhaled volume for Inspirator Reserved Volume | 1,200 ml ----------- 1.2 liters |
| Gas Exchanges for External Respiration for Oxygen (O2) | Oxygen (O2) goes into the Blood Capillaries from alveoi. |
| Gas Exchanges for External Respiration for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) | Carbon Dioxide (CO2) goes from Blood Capillaries from alveoi |
| Gas Exchanges for Internal Respiration for Oxygen (O2) | Oxygen (O2) leaves the Blood Capillaries moves into body cells |
| Gas Exchanges for Internal Respiration for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) | Carbon Dioxide (CO2) goes from Blood Capillaries from the body cells |
| H(+) /protons | 70% HCO3 being transported into Blood in from |
| Breathing is water the control of 2 sources | 1. Medulla Oblongata 2. Carbon Dioxide CO2 |
| 3 major functions of the Urinary System: | 1. Producing Urine 2. Maintin Blood PH Homeostasis 3. Maintain Blood Pressure on a long term basis |
| Urinary Stystem function: | 1. Producing Urine (2 kidneys) 2. Transporting Urine (2 ureters) 3. Storing Urine (Eliminating/ Disposing urine, 1 ureathra) |
| Left Kidneys | is positioned slighty higher than the Right Kidney |
| Nephrons | re microscopic structures that are responsible to produce urine. |
| Each kidneys contains | 1 milion nephrons cells at Birth. |
| Each Kidney contains 2 types of Nephrons | 1. Cortical Kidneys 2. Juxtamedullary Kidneys |
| Cortical Kidneys consist | 85% |
| Juxtamedullary Kidneys consist | 15% |
| Cortical Kidneys | reponsible to dilute urine. with good hydration |
| Kidneys transportation | both kidney are design to transport to a single urinary bladder. |
| Both Right & Left Kidneys | their walls contain smooth muscle |
| Smooth Muslce of the Kidney | Contract the move urine towards the bladder smooth muscle contrction called perstsis |
| Single organ called Urinry Bladder contins | a thick layers of smooth muscle called Detusor Muscle |
| Urinary Bladder contains | 500ml |
| Urinary Bladder has 2 circular muscle: | 1. Internal Sphincter 2. External Sphincter |
| Internal Sphincter is | Smooth Muscle & Invoultary Control |
| External Sphincter is | Skeletal Muscle & Voluntary Control |
| Ureathra | single organ that is responsible for eliminating & disposing urine |
| Femle Ureathra is only used by the | Urinary System |
| Male Ureathra is being shared by 2 organ systems | 1. Urinary System 2. Reproductive System |
| 3 regions of the Male Ureathra: | 1. Prostatic Ureathra 2. Membraneous Ureathra 3. Spongy/ Penile Ureathra |
| Urine Formation consist of | Reanal Corpuscle Proximal Convoluted Tubles Loop of Henles |
| Urine Formation is preformed by | Nephrons |
| Urinary Formation goes through 3 Stages | 1. Glomerular Filration (PCT) 2. Tubular Reabsorption (PCT) 3. Tubular Secration (DCT) |
| Loop of Henles consist | Short Juxtamedullary Long Juxtamedullary |
| Short Juxtamedullary consist | 85% |
| Long Juxtamedullary consist | 15% |
| Glomerularis is | Blood Capillary |
| Both Kidneys | dispose only cellular waste- they keep retain / reaborb to improtant chemical : Glucose, Amino Acids, H20, Sodium (Na) |
| Kidneys reabsorb 99.5% | sodium |
| Kidneys reabsorb 99% | Water |
| Cellular Waste | helps to contract urine to eliminate/dispose the urine |
| Acid/Base Balance | 1. BBS) Blood Plasma 2. Respiratory System 3. Kidneys |
| The Most powerful of 3 mechanismm to maintain Blood PH Homeostasis it the only meachanism able to dispose/eliminate H(+)/protons from the body | Kidneys |
Created by:
Rodney C
Popular Biology sets