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Lecture Exam 1
Chapters 1-4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chaper 1: Biology | Is the science field that studies life. |
| Life | All living organism share 6 basic common festive characteristics. Is organized from the simple levels/atoms to the most complex level |
| Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes There are 2 different cells are used of the domestic of life. | atoms & molecules |
| Levels of Biological Organization 1 : Atomic to Species to | Organism level Biosphere level |
| Major components of ATOMS | Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N). |
| Atoms are consisted 96% by | Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N). By lbs of each human being . |
| Biological Organization Level 2 : Atoms to Molecules Molecules H-H | Same species of molecules. |
| Compound Molecules H-O-H | Different species of molecules. |
| Biological Organization Level 3: Building Blocks of Life There are more than 200 different types of CELLS . Ex: | Brain Cells , Heart Cells, Bone Cells , Skin Cells , Liver Cells |
| Biological Organization Level 4: TISSUES There only 4 different types TISSUES. | 1. Epithelial Tissues (ET) 2. Connective Tissues (CT) 3. Muscle Tissues (MT) 4. Nervous Tissues (NT) |
| Biological Organization Level 5 : Major Organs | 1. Brian 2.Heart 3. Liver 4. Pancreas 5. Kidneys 6. Skin 7. Lungs 8. Stomach 9. Large Intestine 10 Small Intestine |
| Biological Organization Level 6 : 13 types of Organ System | 1. Integumentary System 2. Muscular System 3. Skeletal System 4. Nervous System 5. Endocrine System 6. Cardiovasular System 7. Respiratory System 8. Digestive System 9. Urinary System 10. Reproductive System 11. Lymphatic System 12. Immune Sy |
| 6 bascis function charterastics of life. | 1. Organization 2. Can transform & use energy 3. Ability to produce new cells 4. Ability to maintain homeostasis 5. Ability to detect & respond to stimuli 6. All cells come from a common ancestor |
| Living Organisms: | Use chemical reactions to transform Energy and to Harnes / use Energy. |
| Metabolism | chemical reaction to sum all chemical reaction in the body |
| Catabolism | chemical reaction used to BREAK DOWN fuel molecules |
| Anabolism | chemical reaction to BUILD SOMETHING molecules |
| Photosynthesis | Set of chemical reactions that are used by cells to produce fine molecues (sugars) to harnest energy |
| Homeostasis | Ability to maintain a constant/steady internal environment (body tempreature). |
| Homeostasis pt2 When external tempreature rises/hot days | blood vessels dilate/constrict dissipate |
| sweat glands | use to cool down skin surface when facing rise heat tempreature |
| 1. Sensory receptors | they dect the stimuli |
| 2. Control center | receptors is sent to the control center |
| 3. Motor response | issues a command |
| 3 purposes of producing new cells: | 1. Reproduction 2. Growth 3. Tissue Repair |
| 2 signs of why there are small cells? | 1. Easier for cells to obtain nutrients to oxygen 2. Easier for cells to dispose celluar waste & carbon dioxide |
| All living organisms evolution usage on Earth shares a common Ancerstory | Is Driven by Natural Selection |
| All living organisms pt2 usage on Earth have 1 of 2 types of cells: | 1. Prokayotic Cells 2. Eukaryotic Cells |
| 3 domain of life for All Living Organisms | 1. Archace - ( Prokayotic Cells) 2. Bacteria- ( Prokayotic Cells) 3. Eukarya- ( Eukaryotic Cells) |
| More "advanced " cells | Eukaryotic cells |
| 4 kingdoms classification under the domain to Eukaryotic cells: | 1. Protists 2. Plants 3. Fungi 4. Animals/Human Beings: (Tree of Life) |
| Protists- | Are all Uncelluar organisms (yeast) |
| Plants & Animals/Human Beings- | Are all Multicelluar organisms |
| Fungi- | All Multicelluar (moles) |
| Archeca & Bacteria- | All Unicelluar |
| Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life pt 1 & pt 2 Biochemistry- | Chemistry applied to life. Field of science studing interaction bewtween ATOMS (Blocks of Matter) |
| When ATOMS come together to formcreate 3 types of interactions: | 1. Hydrogen Bonds <Chemical Bonds> 2. Iconic Bonds <Chemical Bonds> 3. Covalent Bonds <Chemical Bonds> (strongest interactions) |
| Concept of the Potential of Hydrogen (PH) scale - | is to measure the concentration of Hydrogen ions in a solution.is to measure the concentration of free floating Hydrogen cations is measured by a scale system called PH. |
| Consistance of 3 subatomic particles that makes Atoms: | 1. Protons 2. Neutrons 3. Electrons |
| Protons | They carry Postive charge (+). Determines the atoms |
| Neutrons | They carry no charge Netural (=). Dilate the existance or Isotopes |
| Electrons | They carry Negative charge (-). Mediate chemical between the atoms |
| Protons & Neutrons- | Are located in the nucleus of an atom |
| Electrons- | Travel around the nucleus in orbits |
| Subatomic Particles- | smaller than an atoms |
| Periodic Element number 6 Carbon has : | 6 Protons 6 Neutrons 6 Electrons |
| Atomic Number- (6) C | Reflect the number of protns in the nucleus of an atom. The Atomic Number cannot change for any atom |
| Atomic Weight/Mass- C (12) | The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atoms |
| Atom number 6: C Atomic Weight/Mass 12: | has 6 protons (+) has 6 neutons (=) has 6 electrons (-) |
| For the Atomic Number for an atom: | the number of protons (+) cannot change the number of neutrons (=) can change the number of electrons (-) cannot change |
| 6 C 12 = 6 neutron | 12-6=6 |
| 6 C 13= 7 Neutrons | 13-6=7 |
| 6 C 14 = 8 Neutrons | 14-6=8 |
| Octet Rule: | 8 desired/optimum number electrons on the second orbit of an atoms |
| Covalent Bond- | Are the strongest type of chemical bonds among the 3 subatomic particles atoms types, Because electrons are shared bewteen the 2 binding parthership. |
| Hyrogen Bonds for Na and Cl | they allow sodium (Na) and Chloride (Cl) to dissociate from 1 another in water. Also allow NaCl to dissolve in water. |
| 1st family of macromolecules is called : Lipids * 3 different types of lipids:* | 1st type : Triglycerides (Neutral Fat) 2nd type : Phopholipids (Water-Loving Fat) 3rd type : Steriods ( Drug Hormone/Cholestorol Enhancer ) |
| Reason for the Building of Fatty Acid Molecules | is due to the pressure of Double Bond between 2 neighboring carbon |
| Phospholids has 2 parts | part 1 Water Soluble - Hydrophlic part 2 Fat Soluble- Lipophilic |
| Steroids are build from cholesterol has 2 types of sex hormones <powerful to manipulate phenotypes> | 1. Testoerones (Male) 2. Estrogen (Female) |
| 2nd family of macromolecules is called: Cabohyrates <are both Macromolecules & Polymers | Monomers- Monosaccharides Dimers- Disaccharides Ploymers- Polysaccharides |
| 3 types of Monsaccharides | 1. Glucose 2. Frutose 3. Galactose |
| 3 types of Disaccharides | 1. Maltose ( Guclose = Gulcose) 2. Sucrose ( Glucose = Frutose) 3. Galatose (Glucose = Galactose) |
| 3 types of Polysaccharides | 1. Glycogen 2. Starch 3. Cellulose + Chitin |
| 3rd family of macromolecules is called: Proteins | |
| 4 Protein Structures: | 1. Primary Structure 2. Secondary Structure 3. Tertrary Structure 4. Quaterary Structure |
| Primary Structure | Linear sequence of all amino acids protein |
| Secondary Structure | Reginal small stretch |
| Tertrary Structure | Final 3D structure of entry protein |
| Quaterary Structure | 2 or more protein interct with one another |
| Nucleotides: Nucleic Acids | DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acids) RNA (RiboNucleic Acids) |
| Cells | are building blocks of life are defined by Cell Theory |
| 3 statement consist of Cells | 1. Cell are building blocks of life 2. All cells come from parental/ precursor/ prexisting cells 3. Cells are the smallest Enthesis capable of sutaining life |
| Sutaining life means | Ability to maintain homeostasis. Ability to generate new cells: for reproduction, growth, and tissue repair |
| Why there 2 signs of small cells? | 1. Easier for cells to obtain nutrient to oxygen 2. Easier for cells to dispose celluar waste & carbon dixoide |
| Surface Area | When the size of a cell grows |
| Volume Area | When its volume increase much more signficant then its surface area exchanges |
| An instrument to see cells and the instrument is called | microscope |
| Light microscope- | uses visible light to visulize specimen |
| Electron microscope- | uses beams of electrons |
| Each cell consist of 2 structural component: | 1. Cell Plasma Membrane 2. Cytoplsm |
| Cell uses 2 types of Transport mechanisms to control the flow of cargo across its plasma membranes | 1. Passive Transport 2. Active Transport |
| Passive Transport Mechanism- | Does not require ATP or Celluar Energy. Concentration Gradients drives passive transport. Always goes from High to Low Concentration. |
| Active Transport Mechanism- | Does require ATP or Celluar Energy. Can go against Concentration Gradients. Can go from Low to High Concentration. |
| Cytoplasm is subdivivded into 2 parts | 1. Cytosol- mostly water 2. Organelles- little organs, Non- Membranous, Membronus Organelles |
| Organelles Membrane with single cell plasma membrane have: | -Endoplasmic Reticulum -Golgi Apparatus -Lysomes |
| Organelles Membrane with double cell plasma membrane have: | -Nucleus -Mitocrondrion |
| Non-Organelle Membrane not having membrane of their own have 4 pts: | 1. Ribosomes 2. Cytoskeletons 3. Cilia 4. Flagella |
| The Human Body builds on 4 different types of Primary Tissues: | 1. Epithelial Tissues (ET) 2. Connective Tissues (CT) 3. Muscle Tissues (MT) 4. Nervous Tissues (NT) |
| Most Epitheial Tissues/ Epithelia have a 2 word name: | 1st word indicates number layers of cells 2nd word indicates number layers of cells |
| Simple | 1 layer |
| Stratified | 2 or more layers |
| Squamous | Disc/ Flat shape |
| Cuboidal | Cube shape |
| Columnar | Column shape |
| Glands- | are made of epithelia called Sweat Glands |
| Endocrine Glands- | secrete chemical glands hormones into our bloodstream |
| Exocrine Glands- | multi-simple excrine gland share a common gland duct |
| Pancreas- | Organ that can function both as exocrine & endocrine |
| Glandular Activities of the Pancreas of Exocrine gland | secreating digestive juice 99% |
| Glandular Activities of the Pancreas of Endocrine gland | separating insulin glycogen 91% |
| Connective Tissues- | are most abudant or most widely distributed type of primary tissue in the body |
| 3 subtypes of Connective Tissues (CT) or Fibro Connective Tissues (CT) | 1. Loose Connective Tissues 2. Adipose Connective Tissues 3. Dense Connective Tissues |
| Loose Connective Tissues | Largest Skin of the body. |
| Adipose Connective Tissues | Consist of Flat cells. |
| Dense Connective Tissues | Found in (Tendons)- connecting skeletal muslce to the Bone. (Ligaments)- Connecting Bones to Bones |
| Support Connective Tissues (CT): Avascular Cartilage | No Blood Vessels <no cancerous cells entering the body> |
| Support Connective Tissues (CT): High Vascular Cartilage | Lots of Blood Vessels |
| Fluid (CT): Blood; Blood Plasma; Formed Elements | Red Blood Cells/Erthrocytes White Blood Cells/Leukocytes Platelets |
| 3 types of primary muscle tissue | (1.) Functional characteristics features the only types of muslce tissue under voluntry Control. (2.) Structural Characteristics features skeletal muscle cells - are long cylinder, multiple nuclei , displays starviation. (3.) Location Skeletal Muscle BB |
| Consist of 2 catagory Cell types: | Neurons = Nerve Cells Neuroglia = Glial Cells |
| 3 Function of Neurons | 1. Sensory means receiving information of touch, pressure, tempreature, injury/pain 2. Intergration means data analysis 3. Motor means sending out a decision- Skeletal Muscle Contraction |
| Glail Cells | Provide support, Protection & feed on neuron cells |
| Blood PH health range: | 7.35 to 7.45 Outside and Inside Body temp : 37(C) or 98.6 (F) |
| The body relies on 2 types of feedback mechanism : | 1. Positive Feedback Mechanism 2. Negative Feedback Mechanism |
Created by:
Rodney C
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