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Genetics
Genetics - Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| trait | a feature that an organism displays that is inherited |
| genetics | the study of the traits of organisms |
| heredity | passing traits from one generation to the next |
| self-pollinated | plants whose pollen can normally pollinate only its own eggs |
| cross pollinated | plants whose pollen is artificially transferred to another plant |
| purebred | (true breeding) organisms that have alleles for one specific trait |
| Gregor Mendel | known as the father of modern genetics |
| P generation | (Parents) two organisms whose genes produce offspring |
| F1 generation | the offspring from parents |
| F2 generation | the offspring produced by crossing two F1 individuals |
| Principle of dominance and recessiveness | one factor in a pair may mask the effect of the other |
| principle of segregation | the two factors for a characteristic separate during the formation of eggs and sperm |
| principle of independent assortment | the factors for different characteristics are distributed to reproductive cells independently |
| probability | the likely outcome a given event will occur from random chance |
| phenotype | the external appearance of an organism, refers to the physical appearance of the individual |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism, refers to the alleles an individual receives at fertilization |
| homozygous dominant | genotypes possess two dominant alleles for a trait (TT) |
| homozygous recessive | genotypes possess two recessive alleles for a trait (tt) |
| heterozygous | genotypes possess one of each allele for a particular trait (Tt). The allele not expressed in a heterozygote is a recessive allele |
| Punnett Square | chart drawn to determine the probable results of a genetic cross |
| Monohybrid cross | a cross between individuals with one pair of contrasting genes (i.e. height) |
| Dihybrid cross | a cross between individuals with two pairs of contrasting genes (i.e. height and color) |
| testcross | cross used to test if an organism is homozygous dominant (ex: AA) or heterozygous dominant (Aa); unknown (A?) is crossed with a known homozygous recessive (aa) to determine it's genotype |
| complete dominance | a pattern of inheritance where heterozygous offspring display dominant phenotype |
| incomplete dominance | a pattern of inheritance where heterozygous offspring show trait intermediate between two parental phenotypes |
| lethal alleles | genetic defect that causes 100% mortality in the offspring |
| co-dominance | pattern of inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed in a heterozygote |
| sex-lined traits | have genes located on a sex chromosome (X or Y in humans) |
| sex-lined inheritance | because the gene in question is on a sex chromosome, both sexes do not show the same probability for inheritance of a trait. x-linked traits would show two alleles for females (XaXa) wheras males only have one allele (XaY) that is expressed as phenotype |
| multiple-allele traits | controlled by three or more alleles of the same gene |
| polygenic traits | controlled by two or more genes |
| pleiotropy | one gene results in multiple (seemingly unrelated) phenotypes |
| sex-influenced traits | located on autosomes, but express themselves differently in the sexes because of sex hormones |
| pedigree | graphic method of illustrating inheritance of genetic traits within several generations of families |
| carrier |
Created by:
LizardMogg
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