Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
macromolecules
BIOL 288
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the 4 biological molecules | proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbs |
| what are lipids | nonpolar, uncharged hydrocarbons, classified by solubility. soluble in org solvents, insoluble in water |
| what are the functions of lipids | energy storage, compartmentalization, cell signalling, immune and inflammatory responses |
| what is lipid energy storage | via trigylcerides and fatty acids |
| what are triglycerides | fat storage, glycerol and 3 fatty acids. 3 OH ester bonds with FA |
| what are fatty acids | amphipathic, long unbranched hydrocarbon tails(hydrophobic), carboxyl group head, hydrophilic, charged at neutral pH |
| what is compartmentalization of lipids | phospholipids and amphipatheic.. used in membranes to separate cell and organelles from external aqueous environment |
| what are phospholipids | amphipathic, hydrophilic polar head and hydrophobic fatty acid tail |
| what does phospholipid consist of | glycerol backbone, 2 FA, 1 phosphate linked to 3rd OH of glycerol, small hydrophilic head group bound to phosphate |
| Do lipids attract eachother | no, water excludes them attracting itself, b/c cant form H bonds |
| what is cell signaling-lipds | steroids and membrane lipids signalling |
| what are steroids | key signalling molecules(animals cholesterol, plants sterols) differ in the aliphatic side chains |
| what are other signalling lipids | membrane lipids cleaved to form secondary messengers. eg.G proteins |
| what are the immune nad inflammatory response of lipids | leukotrienes, prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes are lipid signalling associated with inflammatory responses, derived from cell memb |
| what are carbs | simple sugars(mono-) and polymers(poly-) |
| what are monoscharrides | (CH2O)n . has carbon atom backbone linked to single OH (except COO group) |
| what group defines the two types of sugars | carbonyl |
| what are the two types of sugars | aldose and ketose |
| what is aldose | carbonyl group at one end of sugar forms aldehyde group 6C |
| what is ketose | carbonyl group found at internal chain position 5C |
| what are isomers | the chemical formula doesnt define type of sugar. |
| what are glucose and fructose | isomers. same chemical formula, but atoms arranged differently. one is aldose and other ketose. |
| what are disacchrides | monosac linked by glycosidic bond via condensation/dehydration rxn. |
| what are examples of disachhrides | sucrose(glu and fru-alpha 1,2) lactose (gala and glu-beta 1,4) maltose(2 glu -alpha 1,4) |
| what are polyscharrides | long chains of mono linked by glycosidic bonds. |
| what is there variability in polyscarrides | type of mono(one or many types), branching, type glycosidic bonds |
| what is Extracellular Glycosaminoglycans | many different mono producing very different molecules. |
| what are only glucose mono, but have very different molecules | glycogen, starch, cellulose |
| what is cellulose | animals digest via symbiosis with bacteria. tight packed with beta 1,4 |
| what are modified mono | the OH group changed with functional groups. eg. chitin, consists of monomers of N-actetylglucosamine |
| hwo do sugars modify molecules | carbs can be covlantly linked to proteins (glycoproteins) and membrane lipids(glycolipids) and act like "labels" for other protiens to "read" |
| what are the functions of carbs | energy(glucose, glycogen, starch),, structure (cellulose, GAG), cell signalling, cell recognition, protein and enzyme function, cell surface protection(glycocalyx) |
| what do nucleotides consist of | 5C sugar, base, phosphate |
| how are bases linked to sugars | covalently via C1 prime (n-glycosidic bond) |
| how are sugars linked to phosphate | C5 prime of sugar (phosphoester bond) |
| what are nucleoside | base and sugar |
| what are nucleotide | base, sugar and phosphate |
| what are the functions of nucleotides | info storage in forms RNA/DNA, energy(ATP,NADH,GTP), coenzymes, signaling, enzymes |
| what are nucleotide triphosphates | serve as building blocks of nucleic acids with are long polymers of deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides |
| how are nucleic acids linked together | covalently by phosphodiester bonds btwn C3 hydroxyl group of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of another nucleotide |
| how do nucleic acids have directionality | 5' and 3' end of how they are linked |
| the DNA double helix | bases held in center H bonds, weak. backbone is sugar and phosphate |
| what is the structure of amino acids | alpha carbon, carboxyl group, amino group, R group. ionized at physiological pH |
| what is the function of amino aicds | building blocks of proteins, (linked via peptide bonds), energy (TCA cycle) |
| how are polymers constructed | covalently linking small organic molecules into long chains |
| cells contain what 3 types of macromolecules | polysacchrides, proteins and nucleic acids |
| what are the common mechanisms of macromolecules | synthesized stepwise via monomers grows by one end via dehydration rxn, catalyzed by specific carrier molecules/enzymes, monomers added in sequence, have inherent directionality |
| what does stepwise addition create | a large diversity of complex molecules |
| what does individual covalent bonds create | rotation of atoms, flexibility and ability of many configurations |
| how is the unltimate shape of macromolecule constrained | weaker noncovalent bonds that are additive and influence interaction of large marcomolecule complexes |
Created by:
abc273
Popular Biology sets