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Cardiac
Evaluation Methods
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| dyspnea | shortness of breath |
| orthopnea | difficulty breathing when lying flat |
| paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea | suddenly waking at night, gasping for breath |
| cardiac dyspnea | difficulty breathing due to increased LA or PA pressure |
| What are some causes of dyspnea? | PHTN, MS, AS, MI, & ischemia |
| pulmonary edema | collection of fluid inside the lungs |
| pleural effusion | collection of fluid within the pleural spaces (outside the lungs) |
| chest pain | an imprecise term describing any pain, pressure, squeezing, or discomfort in the chest, neck, or upper abdomen |
| What are the 2 types of chest pain? | Atypical & Typical |
| atypical chest pain | NOT due to CAD |
| typical chest pain/angina pectoris | due to myocardial ischemia as a result of CAD |
| myocardial ischemia | myocardial demand for oxygen exceeds available supply of oxygen |
| transient ischemia | lasts only a few minutes & is reversible |
| prolonged ischemia | lasting more than 30 minutes & causes cell necrosis |
| heart failure | occurs when the heart is unable to fill with blood or pump enough blood to meet the body's needs |
| What conditions lead to heart failure? | CAD, HBP, valve disease, cardiac viral infections, congenital heart disease |
| palpitations | periods of rapid and/or irregular heartbeat |
| syncope | sudden & temporary loss of consciousness or fainting |
| subclavian steal syndrome | blood pressure in one arm is markedly lower than in the other |
| vasovagal syncope | fainting due to pain, fright, the sight of blood |
| peripheral edema | swelling in the legs commonly seen with heart failure |
| Jugular vein distension is typically a sign of what? | right-sided heart issues & elevated pressures, cardiac tamponade, constrictive pericarditis |
| cyanosis | bluish discoloration in the skin caused by low oxygen saturation |
| squatting | occurs in children with congenital heart disease; squatting increases venous return to the right side of the heart |
| pectus excavatum | sunken chest/sternum |
| What is pectus excavatum associated with? | MVP or ASD |
| pectus carinatum | protrusion of the chest/sternum |
| What is pectus carinatum associated with? | MVP & Marfan's syndrome |
| What pulses are commonly examined to evaluate cardiac function? | Carotid artery & jugular vein pulses |
| bruit | abnormal sounds |
| Carotid artery pulse usually represents events originating where? | LV |
| What does the anacrotic limb represent on a carotid artery pulse contour? | initial systolic ejection |
| What does the dicrotic notch represent on a carotid artery pulse contour? | aortic valve closing |
| What does the dicrotic peak represent on a carotid artery pulse contour? | aortic elastic recoil |
| hypokinetic pulse | small & weak |
| parvus et tardus | slow rising & gradual downslope; common in patients with AS |
| hyperkinetic pulse | large & bounding |
| pulsus bigeminus | a result of PVC's |
| pulsus bisferiens | 2 narrowly separated peaks on anacrotic notch |
| pulsus alternans | weakening of every other beat |
| paradoxical pulse | marked decrease in amplitude during inspiration; commonly seen with tamponade |
| Jugular venous pulse contour represents events originating where? | RA |
| What does the A wave represent? | right atrial contraction |
| What does the C wave represent? | increased pressure causing TV to bulge into RA |
| What does the V wave represent? | passive pressure & volume increase of RA causing TV to open |
| What does the X descent represent? | RA relaxation |
| What does the Y descent represent? | drop in RA pressure & volume |
| How would PHTN, PS, or TS look on the jugular vein pulse contour? | increased A wave |
| How would a fib look on the jugular vein pulse contour? | no A wave |
| How would TR look on the jugular vein pulse contour? | no X descent; a CV wave |
Created by:
ginaliane
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