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Micro Test 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Animals are germ-free ___ | in-utero |
| Colonization | Through delivery, Respiratory tract, and Digestive tract |
| Lactobacilli in vaginal tract | prevents pathogens from growing in its 5 pH |
| 3 types of symbiosis | 1. commensalism 2. mutualism 3. parasitism |
| commensalism | one organism benefits mycobacterium in external ear |
| mutualism | both organisms benefit e coli in gut |
| parasitism | one is harmed and the other benefits infections |
| Opportunistic organisms | potentially pathogenic organisms which do not cause disease under normal circumstances |
| Steps to establishing infection | 1. Portal of entry 2. Adherence 3. Colonization 4. Delivery of effector proteins 5. penetration/avoidance of host defenses 6. pathogen damage of host cell |
| Capsules | prevents phagocyte from adhering to bacteria |
| Exotoxins | gram positive |
| cytotoxins | target any cells with ribosomes |
| neurotoxins | targets neurons |
| enterotoxins | targets gut |
| Diphtheria toxin | lysogenic phage and inhibits protein synthesis |
| Botulism toxin | inhibits release of acetylcholine |
| tetanus toxin | release of acetylcholinesterase |
| Endotoxins | gram negative |
| Mechanisms of Pathogenicity in Viruses | 1. Attachment receptors 2. Avoiding hosts immune response |
| Classifying infectious diseases | 1. Behavior 2. Frequency of occurrence 3. severity/duration |
| Chain of infection | 1. reservoirs 2. transmission 3. portals of exit |
| Behavior | communicable, noncommunicable, highly communicable |
| Endemic | constantly present in low numbers |
| epidemic | localized in short time period |
| pandemic | world wide epidemic |
| reservoirs | human, animal, nonliving |
| contact | direct, indirect, droplet |
| vehicle | waterborne, food borne, airborne |
| vector | mechanical, biological |
| portals of exit | respiratory tract, GI tract, urogenital tract, skin or wound |
| Predisposing factors of disease | anything that makes someone more susceptible to a disease than someone else |
| 5 steps of Development of Disease | 1. incubation 2. prodromal period 3. illness period 4. decline period 5. convalescence period |
| outbreaks | perfect storms |
| common source epidemics | everyone gets sick at the same time |
| propagated epidemics | first wave infects the next wave |
| 4 steps of epidemiological investigation | 1. gather data 2. graph and analyze 3. source 4. prevention |
| innate immunity | nonspecific, immediate but not as effective |
| acquired immunity | specific about everything, not immediate but more effective |
| Non-specific factors | 1. intact skin 2. interferons 3. complement proteins |
| Interferons | produced by virally infected cells |
| complement proteins | found in blood |
| neutrophils | 70% of WBCs |
| monocytes | 3-5% of WBCs |
| inflammation | 1. swelling 2. redness 3. heat 4. loss of function 5. tenderness |
| How swelling occurs | 1. basophils and mast cells respond 2. release histamine |
| fever | can be good or bad because it slows down bacteria |
| exogenous pyrogenes | bacteria/viruses that cause fever |
| endogenous pyrogenes | released in blood stream and travels to the hypothalamus to cause fever |
| Macrophages | mature monocyte, free or fixed |
| Class 1 LH antigens | found on surface of every cell except RBCs, alert immune system to kill |
| Class 2 LH antigens | found on surface of all antigen presenting cells, presents antigens so T cell can recognize it |
| T cells | self recognition in thymus |
| Clonal expression | cell divides |
| differentiation | 4 types of T cells |
| T helper cells | prevent opportunistic infections and are in charge |
| CD4 cells | instructors |
| cytokines | chemical messengers |
| cytotoxic T cells | kills any cell that has undergone an intracellular assault |
| Supressor T cells | surpasses immune response and brings it back to homeostasis |
| Memory T cells | remembers antigen after it encounters it |
| B cells | programmed in red bone marrow and are shipped to another are of bone marrow, receive antigen specificity to become activated |
| plasma cells | antibody producing cells |
| antibodies | 2 chains of amino acids |
Created by:
aleahgoodson
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