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study of adverse effects of chemicals in living organisms
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agent that can cause a deleterious response in a biological system
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Toxicology
Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| study of adverse effects of chemicals in living organisms | toxicology |
| agent that can cause a deleterious response in a biological system | poison |
| toxic substances produced by biological systems | toxin |
| toxic substances produced by or are by-products of anthropogenic activities (man's activity) (exogenous) | toxicant |
| compound found in an organism but not normally produced by or expected to be present in that organism | xenobiotic |
| three approaches to toxicology (subject areas) | mechanistic, descriptive, regulatory |
| specialties (practice areas in toxicology) | food, analytical/forensic, clinical, occupational, regulatory, environmental |
| specialized areas of application: | risk assessment and toxicogenomics |
| Field that identifies and understands cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms causing toxic effects (work in labs ; work at the bench) | Mechanistic |
| data from these studies are used in risk assessment, design and production of safer alternative chemicals, therapy for poisonings, treatment of disease; contributes to knowledge of basic physiology pharmacology, cell biology and biochem (basic science) | Mechanistic |
| Field that describes gross toxic responses using in vitro and in vivo systems | descriptive toxicology |
| data from these studies used for safety eval. for human health and environmental risk assessments, provides a starting point for elucidating mechanisms | Descriptive |
| science of determining if drugs and chemicals are safe for use... use information from descriptive and mechanistic toxicity data and epidemiology data (PAPER scientist) | Regulatory toxicology |
| process to evaluate the potential for adverse health or environmental effects from exposure to naturally occuring or synthetic agents; includes estimate of probability of harm and description of assumptions and uncertainties that go into it | Risk Assessment |
| its goal is to provide risk managers with a rational basis for making decisions about managing the use of chemicals or physical gents to protect health and the environment | Risk Assessment |
| emerging sub-discipline of toxicology ; contibute to DNA; data from these techniques are descriptive but also provide info on mechanisms | Toxicogenomics |
| hybrid of analytical chemistry and toxicological principles | forensics toxicology |
| area of medicine concerned with disease caused by or uniquely associated with toxic substances | clinical toxicology |
| applies the principles and methodology of toxicology to chemical and biological hazards in the workplace | occupational toxicology |
| they work to set levels for safe exposures to: environmental contaminants, food additives, medicinals | Regulatory toxicology |
| concerned with impacts of pollutants on nonhuman organisms and human health | environmental technology |
| specialized areas of environmental toxicology; focuses on impacts of toxic substances on population dynamics in ecosystem | ecotoxicology |
| three things importnant in environmental toxicology | transport, fate, and interactions |
| when was the american association of poison control centers formed | 1958 |
| exam for toxicology is administered by__________ and taken to become _________ | AACT (american academy of clinical toxicology); DABAT (diplomat of american board of applied toxicology) |
| to become CSPI (certified specialist in poison info) .... | need 2000 hrs of logged calls and 2000 hrs of other... take it every 7 years |
| no toxic effect unless poison: | reaches sensitive site, site at concentration sufficient to produce effect, reaches site for length of time sufficient to prod. effect (SITE, CONCENTRATION, TIME) |
| occurrence of toxic effect is dependent on: | chemical/physical properties, exposure, metabolized, concentration, susceptibility |
| adverse effects from meds due to: | genetic predisposition, nonselective action, inappropriate use or admin |
| main reason drugs pulled from market | drug TOXICITY |
| 2 offices in charge of drug safety in FDA | office in drug safety ; drug safety oversight board |
| TOCP (triorthocresylphosphate) | inhibits neuropathy target esterase so binds irreversible (delayed effect) --> 3-5 days later you get tingling and lose ability to move |
| when combined effect is equal to sum of the two compounds given alone | additive |
| when combined effect is much greater than the sum of the effects of each given alone | synergistic |
| when one subs. does not have a toxic effect but when added to another makes second compound more toxic than it would be alone | potentiation |
| when two compounds together interfere with each other's effect | antagonism |
| decreased responsiveness to a toxic effect resulting from prior exposuure to a chemical or strucutrally related compound | tolerance |
| less of a toxic agent reaching its target | dispositional tolerance |
| receptor expression repression | reduced responsiveness |
| principles of toxicology | source, exposure, ADME, Dose, MOA, endpoint(target) |
| exposure for 1 month or less | subacute |
| exposure for 1-3 months | subchronic |
| exposure for more than 3 months | chronic |
| less than 24 hour exposure | acute |
Created by:
aisdancer