Exam 3
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| study of adverse effects of chemicals in living organisms | toxicology
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| agent that can cause a deleterious response in a biological system | poison
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| toxic substances produced by biological systems | toxin
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| toxic substances produced by or are by-products of anthropogenic activities (man's activity) (exogenous) | toxicant
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| compound found in an organism but not normally produced by or expected to be present in that organism | xenobiotic
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| three approaches to toxicology (subject areas) | mechanistic, descriptive, regulatory
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| specialties (practice areas in toxicology) | food, analytical/forensic, clinical, occupational, regulatory, environmental
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| specialized areas of application: | risk assessment and toxicogenomics
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| Field that identifies and understands cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms causing toxic effects (work in labs ; work at the bench) | Mechanistic
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| data from these studies are used in risk assessment, design and production of safer alternative chemicals, therapy for poisonings, treatment of disease; contributes to knowledge of basic physiology pharmacology, cell biology and biochem (basic science) | Mechanistic
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| Field that describes gross toxic responses using in vitro and in vivo systems | descriptive toxicology
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| data from these studies used for safety eval. for human health and environmental risk assessments, provides a starting point for elucidating mechanisms | Descriptive
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| science of determining if drugs and chemicals are safe for use... use information from descriptive and mechanistic toxicity data and epidemiology data (PAPER scientist) | Regulatory toxicology
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| process to evaluate the potential for adverse health or environmental effects from exposure to naturally occuring or synthetic agents; includes estimate of probability of harm and description of assumptions and uncertainties that go into it | Risk Assessment
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| its goal is to provide risk managers with a rational basis for making decisions about managing the use of chemicals or physical gents to protect health and the environment | Risk Assessment
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| emerging sub-discipline of toxicology ; contibute to DNA; data from these techniques are descriptive but also provide info on mechanisms | Toxicogenomics
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| hybrid of analytical chemistry and toxicological principles | forensics toxicology
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| area of medicine concerned with disease caused by or uniquely associated with toxic substances | clinical toxicology
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| applies the principles and methodology of toxicology to chemical and biological hazards in the workplace | occupational toxicology
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| they work to set levels for safe exposures to: environmental contaminants, food additives, medicinals | Regulatory toxicology
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| concerned with impacts of pollutants on nonhuman organisms and human health | environmental technology
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| specialized areas of environmental toxicology; focuses on impacts of toxic substances on population dynamics in ecosystem | ecotoxicology
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| three things importnant in environmental toxicology | transport, fate, and interactions
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| when was the american association of poison control centers formed | 1958
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| exam for toxicology is administered by__________ and taken to become _________ | AACT (american academy of clinical toxicology); DABAT (diplomat of american board of applied toxicology)
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| to become CSPI (certified specialist in poison info) .... | need 2000 hrs of logged calls and 2000 hrs of other... take it every 7 years
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| no toxic effect unless poison: | reaches sensitive site, site at concentration sufficient to produce effect, reaches site for length of time sufficient to prod. effect (SITE, CONCENTRATION, TIME)
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| occurrence of toxic effect is dependent on: | chemical/physical properties, exposure, metabolized, concentration, susceptibility
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| adverse effects from meds due to: | genetic predisposition, nonselective action, inappropriate use or admin
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| main reason drugs pulled from market | drug TOXICITY
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| 2 offices in charge of drug safety in FDA | office in drug safety ; drug safety oversight board
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| TOCP (triorthocresylphosphate) | inhibits neuropathy target esterase so binds irreversible (delayed effect) --> 3-5 days later you get tingling and lose ability to move
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| when combined effect is equal to sum of the two compounds given alone | additive
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| when combined effect is much greater than the sum of the effects of each given alone | synergistic
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| when one subs. does not have a toxic effect but when added to another makes second compound more toxic than it would be alone | potentiation
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| when two compounds together interfere with each other's effect | antagonism
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| decreased responsiveness to a toxic effect resulting from prior exposuure to a chemical or strucutrally related compound | tolerance
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| less of a toxic agent reaching its target | dispositional tolerance
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| receptor expression repression | reduced responsiveness
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| principles of toxicology | source, exposure, ADME, Dose, MOA, endpoint(target)
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| exposure for 1 month or less | subacute
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| exposure for 1-3 months | subchronic
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| exposure for more than 3 months | chronic
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| less than 24 hour exposure | acute
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