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Lecture 15: Comp Phy
Lecture 1 Comparative Physiology USD Fall 2018 Dr. Kenneth Renner
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the pump system of the circulatory system in vertebrates? | heart |
| What is the most common type of pump system in the vertebral circulatory system? | single heart |
| What is hte pump system of the circulatory system in invertebrates? | heart |
| What is the difference between vertebrate and invertebrate circulatory system pumps? | the most common type of pump is a single heart in vertebrates but invertebrates most commonly have one or multiple |
| What is the delivery system for both vertebrate and invertebrate circulatory systems? | arteries |
| What is the transfer system of the circulatory system in vertebrates? | capillaries |
| What is the transfer system of the circulatory system in invertebrates? | hemocoel |
| What is a hemocoel? | open fluid space similar to a cavity |
| What is the return system of the circuatory system in vertebrates? | veins |
| What is the return system of the circulatory system in invertebrates? | ostia in the heart |
| What is an ostia? | openings in th heart that allow blood to return |
| Do open circuit systems have high or low arterial pressures? | low |
| Do open circuit systems have strong or weak control of elocity and distribution of blood flow? | weak |
| Do open circuit systems have high or low capability of gas exchange? | low |
| What is movement of fluid predominantly done through in open circuit systems? | body movement and muscle contraitons |
| What do many invertebrates have to help with blood movement in high demand areas? | auxillary hearts |
| How do arthropod hearts vary with the open circuit system? | hearts are located dorsally and they contain ostia for return blood |
| How do insect hearts vary with the open circuit system? | they have a tracheal system that functions for domininant gas exchange organ and blood used for nutrient/waste exchange |
| What provides directionality in insect hearts? | septum |
| How do crustacean hearts vary with the open circuit system? | they ave a chambered heart, aorta, and arteries that branch and empty into more localized spaces (lacunae) |
| What directs blood in crustacean hearts? | sinuses |
| What are lacunae in crustacean hearts? | more localized spaces than hemocoels in open circuit systems |
| What is the general make up of a closed circuit system? | blood is enclosed in tube or blood vessels |
| What is the order of transfer in closed circuit systems? | arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins |
| Where are closed circuit systems often found? | vertebrates and cephalopods |
| What is the first advantage of a closed circuit system? | less body space devoted to circulatory system |
| What is the second advantage of a closed circuit system? | pumping heart mechanisms creates high pressure |
| What is the third advantage of a closed circuit system? | cappilaries allow gas exchange by diffusion |
| What must happen to minimize distance from capillaries to cells? | capillaries must be highly branched |
| What is the fourth advantage of a closed circuit system? | the option for redistribution of blood flow by increasing or decreasing flow to capillaries is possible |
| What is the fifth advantage of a closed circuit system? | high exchange rates |
| What is the prototype vertebrate heart a resemblance of? | nearly straight tube with 4 chambers |
| How do the chambers contract in the prototype vertebrate heart? | in sequence |
| What is the first chamber in the prototype heart? | sinus venosus |
| What is a characteristic of the sinus venosus? | very thin walled |
| What is the common cardinal vein? | a vein in the prototype heart that just needs enough pressure to pump to sinus venos into the atria |
| What is the second chamber of the prototype heart? | atria |
| What is the valve between the sinus venosus and the atria in the prototype heart? | sinoatrial valve |
| What is the third chamber of the prototype heart? | ventricle |
| What is the valve between the atria and the ventricle in the prototype heart? | atrioventricular valve |
| What is the fourth chamber of the prototype heart? | aorta |
| How does blood go from the ventricle to the aorta in the prototype heart? | truncus arteriosus |
| What is the truncus arteriosus? | a series of semilunar valves that prevent back flow when the heart is diastole |
| What is the characteristic of the ventricle of the prototype heart? | high pressure pump with thick, muscular walls |
| Summarize the general function of the prototype heart | 4 chambers contract in sequence and deliver deoxygeneated blood in a single stream forward towards the gills for gas exchange |
| What is a counter current system? | a system of gas exchange where there is always lower O2 in the blood than in the water. The blood and water flow in opposite directions and the concentration gradient then favors O2 delivery from water to blood |
| What uses counter current systems? | gills that function as exchange organ |
| What animal is considered to be the transition from water to air respiration? | the air-breating lung-fish (dipnoi) |
| When do dipnoi (lung fish) use air respiration? | when environmental conditions when water is stagnant in drought conditions |
| What is the only artery that pumps deoxygenated blood? | the pulmonary artery |
| What is the only vein that pumps oxygenate blood? | the pulmonary vein |
| What do veins usually carry? | deoxygenated blood |
| What do arteries usually carry? | oxygenated blood |
| What recieves blood from all parts of the body except lungs? | the right atria |
| What three veins provide blood to the right atria? | superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus |
| What does the right atria pumb blood across? | the tricuspid valve |
| Where does blood go after the right atrium? | to the right ventricle |
| Where does blood from the right ventricle go? | across pulmonary semilunar valve to right and left pulmonary arteries |
| What do the pulmonary arteries carry? | deoxygenated blood to the lungs |
| Where does blood go after the lungs? | to the left atria |
| How does blood go from the lungs to the left atria? | 4 pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood |
| Where does blood go after the left atrium? | to the left ventricle |
| Where does blood go after the left ventricle? | to the aorta |
| How does blood go from the left atrium to the left ventricle? | bicuspid valve |
| How does blood get from the left ventricle to the aorta? | aortic semilunar valve |
| How many valves does the mammalian heart have? | 4 unidirectional valves |
| What is the high pressure side of the heart? | the left side |
| What is the mitral valve? | bicuspid valve between the left atrium and the left ventricule |
| What is the tricuspid valve? | atroventricule valve between the right atrium and left ventricule |
Created by:
kenzigustafson
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