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Comp Phys: Guest
Comparative Physiology Guest Lecture Anderson USD Fall 2018 Dr. Kenneth Renner
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is ballistic movement? | any movement where, after launch, the trajectory is dependent only on gravity, launch velocity, and launch angle |
| What are ballistic movements dependent on? | gravity, launch velocity, and launch angle |
| What are some examples of ballistic movments? | guns, baseball throw |
| True or False: Biological systems commonly use ballistic movements | True |
| How are ballistic movements in biological systems defined? | moveents that are initiated by muscle action and continue from momentum alone |
| What are some examples of ballistic movements in biological systems? | jumping, fast reach, tongue projections |
| What are anurans? | frogs and toads |
| What type of movement do anurans use for tongue projections? | inertial elongation |
| What is inertial elongation? | elongation due to inertia |
| What type of movement do salamanders use for tongue projections? | projection of tongue skeleton |
| What assists salamanders with their tongue projections? | hypoid apparatus and circular muscles |
| How does the salamander project its tongue skeleton? | the circular muslces compress the posterior elongation |
| What do cameleons use for tongue projections? | muscle projections, but the tongue skeleton stays behind |
| How far does the cameleon tongue typically project? | about 2 body lengths (average) |
| What is the peak velocity of large cameleons tongue projections? | 5.8 m/s |
| What is the peak acceleration of large cameleons tongue projections? | 486 m/s^2 |
| What is the peak power of large cameleon tongue projections? | 3168 W/kg |
| What is power? | rate of energy release |
| What is the average muscle capacity in vivo? | 1121 W/kg |
| True or False: small cameleons out perform large cameleons | True |
| What is the peak distance of tongue projection in small cameleons? | 2.5 body lengths |
| What is the peak acceleration of tongue projection in small cameleons? | 2590 m/s^2 |
| What is the peak power of tongue projections in small cameleons? | 14040 W/kg |
| What is the fastest motion and highest power recorded in amniotes? | small cameleon tongue projections |
| What are the 4 parts of the chameeon feeding apparatus? | entoglossus, hypoglossus, accelerator muscle, and intralingual sheath |
| What is the entoglossus? | part of tWhat is prohe tongue skeleton of chameleon feeding apparatus |
| What is the hyoglossus? | muscle of the chameleon feeding apparatus that is used to recoil the tongue |
| What is the accelerator muscle? | muscle of the chameleon feeding apparatus that is responsible for the force to power tongue and restricts the elongated process |
| What is the intralingual sheath? | part of hte chameleon feeding apparatus made of elastic tissue |
| What is the first step in chameleon muscle projection? | the accelerator muscle constricts and becomes reduced causing elongation |
| In chameleon muscle projection, what happens after elongation? | the intralingual sheath stretches which stores energy |
| In chameleon muscle projection, what happens once energy is stored up from intralingual sheath stretching? | onset of projection and the intralingual sheath recoils as the accelerator muscle extends off the tapered tip of the entoglossus |
| What is projection powered by? | elastic recoil powers the explosive performance |
| What is retraction powered by? | muscle contraction powered |
| How much does the hyoglossus extend? | 600% of resting length |
| What are muscle length changes limited by? | sarcomere length |
| What is the maximum length change in a typical muscle? | 120% |
| What morphology allows chameleons to extend past typical muslce lengths? | perforated Z disks |
| How do perforated z disks help chameleons? | muscles continue to contract and shorten when myosin would otherwise had it, instead when the muscles contract, the perforated z disks allow the myosin to invade adjacent sarcomeres |
| What are the muscles with perforated z disks called? | supercontracting muscles |
| What are the two benefits of supercontracting muscles? | allow extreme projection distances and force production over a broad range of muscles lengths |
| What is prey prehension? | holding on to prey |
| What are 3 ways in which chamelions can have prey prehension? | viscous adhesion, mechanical grasping, and suction |
| What are 2 bioinspired designs from the chameleon tongue? | shooting manipulation system and flex shape gripper |
| What is the shooting manipulation system? | firing of a magnet and catching a dropping object |
| What is a flex shape gripper? | a gripper that can grip secuerly around any item it touches |
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kenzigustafson
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