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Micro
Micro Nursing
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Virus can affect | All organisms |
| Order of virus classification | Order, family, subfamily, genus, species |
| subunits of capsomeres | Protomeres |
| RNA viruses | II, IV, V |
| Repressed stage | Prophage |
| Multiplication of animal viruses | Adsorption, Penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, release |
| Infection no lytic but productive | Chronic |
| No cytopathic effects | Change in antigens |
| Epstein-Barr virus | Herpesviridae family |
| Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy caused by | Prions |
| Virus that affect bacterias | Bacteriophage |
| Kaposi's sarcoma caused | virus 8 |
| RNA viruses | Picornaviridae |
| Fully assembled virus | Virion |
| Group VI | Metaviridae, Pseudoviridae, Retroviridae |
| viral classification | International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses Baltimore Classification System |
| Host cell damage | Cytopathic , physiological , biochemical genotoxic |
| morphological types of virus | Helical—coiled shape, Icosahedral—capsids, Enveloped—have viral envelope, Complex. |
| Multiplication of bacteriophages | • Adsorption • Penetration • Assembly |
| Multiplication of animal viruses | • Adsorption • Penetration • Uncoating |
| Structure of subviral agents | Viroids—circular ssRNA genome, no protein coat; common plant pathogens. Virusoids (satellites)—circular, ssRNA genome with ribozyme activity. Prions—proteins that become abnormally shaped, |
| Killing of all microorganisms | Reduction or removal of biological agents |
| Higher resistant organism | Protozoan cyst |
| Cleanning in a restaurant | Sanitation |
| Simplest heat-related to sterilize metal | Direct flaming |
| Boiling time to kill vegetative bacteria | 10-15 mins |
| Freezing and drying to preserve microbes | Lyophilization |
| Ionizing radiation | Gamma rays, Electron beams, X rays |
| Zone of Inhibition | Disk Diffusion test |
| Chlorine is an | Halogen |
| Food preservation | Pasteurization, Irradiation, Ultra high Temp. Pasteurization |
| Desinfection | Destruction of vegetative organisms |
| Thermal death point | Lowest Temp. microorganisms will be killed in 10 mins |
| Antiseptic | Used specifically in living tissues |
| Microbicidal | Agents that kill microbes |
| Sterilization | Sterilization involves the elimination of all forms of microbial life |
| Comercial sterilization | Commercial sterilization involves applying just enough heat to destroy the endospores |
| Decontamination | the reduction or removal of chemical or biological agents |
| Organisms resistant to antibiotic | Pseudomonas spp, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, hepatitis B virus, poliovirus. |
| Factors influencing antimicrobial effectiveness | Population size, Population composition, Duration of exposure, Environment, Concentration of agent, Temperature, Organic matter |
| Pasteurization- High temp | short time 63* for 30 mins |
| Ultra high temp | 138*C for 1 second |
| Lipid synthesis inhibition | not a target for antimicrobial drugs |
| Penetration of blood -brain barrier | not used in the selection of antimicrobial drug |
| Bacteriostatic | bacterias can no longer multiply |
| Synergism | 2 antibiotics given at the same time to increase therapeutic effects |
| Mechanisms of resistance | Development of defensive enzymes Increase drug elimination Change in membrane permiability |
| Quinolone | synthetic drug |
| Cephalosporins | 5 generations of agents |
| Rifampin | Effective against mycobacteria |
| Amantadine | Antiviral Agent |
| Candida Albicans | Echinocandins effective drug |
| Microbicidal | drug that kill pathogenic bacteria |
| Cross resistance | resistant to similar drugs |
| Spectrum of activity | Range of pathogen type that a drug is effective |
| Drug efficacy | effectiveness of a drug against a microbe |
| Zone of inhibition | Result of Disk of diffusion or Kirby baver |
| 5 basic organisms targeted by antimicrobial drugs | Inhibition of cell wall synthesis Inhibition of protein synthesis Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis Inhibition of metabolic pathways Disruption of plasma membrane |
| 5 things considered when selecting antimicrobial drugs | toxicity, Microbicidal, Readily and easily delivered to infection site, Readily soluble in body fluids,potency, Remains active in body over a period of time, Not subject to antimicrobial resistance, Has a long shelf life, Affordable/available to patients |
| Broad spectrum | effective against a large variety of microorganisms Advantage—high probability of efficacy against unidentified pathogens. Disadvantage—will destroy normal, healthy flora |
| Narrow spectrum | effective against a relatively small number of types of microbes. . Advantage—avoids destruction of normal flora. Disadvantage—effective on only a very specific target group. |
| Medium spectrum | effective against some of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, but not all of them. |
| Possible side effects after treatment | Liver and kidney damage, Digestive tract problems, Urinary tract infections, Heart damage, Nervous system damage,Drug neutralization, Allergic responses. |
| IgA | Antibody found in body secretion |
| Antibody is | Protein produced by plasma cell |
| Which cell produces antibodies | Plasma cell |
| Interferons | Provide defense against viral infection |
| Granulocyte | Basophil |
| Immunity acquired from infection | Naturally acquired active immunity |
| Substance able to raise body temp. | Pyrogen |
| Transplantation of organ between individuals fro the same species | Allograft |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | Autoimmune disease |
| Second line of defense | Cytokines, Phagocytosis, Fever |
| Lysozymes | Enzyme that attack the peptidoglycan layer Present in perspiratio, secretion, saliva and tears |
| Delayed hypersensitivity | cell mediated |
| B cells | Responsables for antibody mediated immunity |
| Substance that stimulates production of antibodies | Inmmunogenes |
| Body decrease ability to fight infection | Immunosuppression |
| First line of defense | physical and chemical barriers to prevent microbes from entering the body. |
| Second line of defense | phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, production of interferons, and activation of the complement system. |
| Third line of defense | cell-mediated immunity, which is controlled by T-cells, and active (humoral) immunity, which produces specific antibodies via B lymphocytes. |
| Type I reaction | hypersensitivity is caused by an excessive response of B lymphocytes to an allergen. Symptoms runny/stuffy nose, watery eyes, conjunctivitis, asthma, hives, fever, dermatitis, gastrointestinal symptoms. |
| Autoimmune diseases | Myasthenia gravis—characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junctions. |
| Microbial life on teeth | Van Leeuwenhoek |
| Peptic ulcer are due to | Helicobacter Pylori |
| Bacillary dycentery | Shillegosis |
| E. Colli | Causes 5 types of grastroenteritis |
| Bacillus intoxication | is caused by Bacillus cereus |
| Common causes of infectious diarrhea in children | Rotaviruses |
| Virus isolated from birds, cats, dogs, pigs, sheeps, cows and humans | Caliciviruses |
| Aspergillus flavus | Produce Aflatoxin a carcinogenic substance |
| Human pinworm lives | Rectum |
| Gingivitis | Disease restricted to the gums |
| Stomach flu | Gastroenteritis |
| Botulism is caused by | Clostridium Botulinum |
| Staphylococcal intoxication is caused by | staphylococcus aureus |
| Thrush is caused by | Candida Albican |
| Bacterial infection | occurs when a pathogen enters the gastrointestinal tract, adheres, and multiplies. Invasion and colonization of cells. |
| Bacterial intoxication | occurs when toxins produced by bacteria contaminate food or water, which are then introduced to the human body. |
| Cholera | cause: Vibrio cholerae, a gram-negative curved rod. Transmission: ingestion of contaminated water or food. Symptoms: vomiting, muscle cramps, severe watery diarrhea. |
| Rotavirus | Transmission: contaminated food or water. Prevention: vaccines are available. Treatment: fluid replacement. |
| Giardiasis | Cause: the protozoan Giardia lamblia Transmission: contaminated water. Symptoms: malaise, nausea, weakness, weight loss, cramps, diarrhea. Treatment: metronidazole, furazolidone, tinidazole, quinacrine. |
| Causes of hookworm infections | Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus, the adult worms reach the intestine, to the villi and suck blood . Symptoms may include abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, cramps, anorexia, weight loss, and, in heavy infections, iron-deficient anemia |
| All Symptoms of endocarditis except | Legs swelling |
| Toxic condition, multiplication of bacterias in the blood | Septicemia |
| Microbemia | Microorganism enter the circulatory system |
| Rheumatic fever is complicated due to | Strep Throat |
| All are considerate zoonotic disease except Brucellosis, undulant fever, tularemia and plague | Plague |
| Rabbit fever is a zoonotic disease caused by | Francisella tularensis |
| Rocky Mountain | Rickettsia rickettsia |
| Cytomegalovirus is caused by | Human herpesvirus 5 |
| Malaria and toxoplasmosis are caused by | Protozoan |
| Gangrene | Complication of necrosis of a wound |
| Zoonotic | Any infectious disease that can be transmitted from vertebrate animals to humans |
| Bacteremia | when bacteria are found in the blood |
| Sepsis | toxic condition, spread of infection |
| Chaga's disease caused by | trypanosoma cruzi |
| Dry Gangrene | occurs in persons with impaired peripheral blood flow |
| Internal gangrene (white gangrene | after surgery or trauma |
| Wet gangrene | occurs in organs lined by mucous membranes such as the mouth, lower intestinal tract, lungs, and cervix |
| Gas gangrene | caused by bacteria that produce gas within the infected tissue. Toxins produced will cause necrosis; if untreated the condition is fatal. |
| Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs | group of febrile illnesses ranging in severity from relatively mild to life-threatening. Caused by four distinct viral families: Arenaviridae, Filoviridae, Bunyaviridae, and Flaviviridae. All VHFs characterized by fever, |
| Systemic mycoses | fungal infections capable of affecting all internal organs. |
| Life cycle of Protozoas causing Malaria | Malarial parasites are ingested by mosquitoes feeding on an infected human,can again be transferred to another human host during another blood meal. |
| Leishmaniasis | Visceral leishmaniasis—serious form; fatal if untreated. Cutaneous leishmaniasis—common form; sore forms at fly-bite site, Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis—widespread skin lesions;Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis—skin ulcers that spread to the nose and mouth. |
| Urinary system | kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder and urethra |
| UTI Bacteria | Escherichia coli |
| Diagnosis of UTI | Urine sample, testing for antibiotic susceptible |
| UTI of Kidney | Pyelonephritis |
| UTI related to sexual activity | Clamydia and Micoplasma |
| Bright's disease | Glomerulonephritis |
| Incomplete urinary emptying and loss of estrogen levels resulting in changes of the vaginal flora. | Postmenopausal women are more risk for UTI |
| drugs commonly used in treating simple UTIs | include amoxicillin, nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, cefrodroxil, mecillinam, fosfomycin, and cephalosporins. |
| causing pyelonephritis | Infection travel up the catheter from the urethra to the urinary bladder. The bacteria multiply in the bladder and may back up into the ureters and eventually into the kidneys |
| iNFECTION OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM WOMEN | Vaginitis, Toxic shock, endometritis, salpingitis |
| Nonsexual infection in the reproductive system women | Escherichia coli, Gardenella, staphilloccocus aureus |
| Nonsexual infection in the reproductive system men | Prostatitis |
| Normal flora in men | Sterile, no normal flora |
| Increases chances of vaginitis | Antibiotics, Prgnancy, menopausia |
| Fungal Vaginitis | Candida Albican |
| Symptoms of Prostatitis | Painful urination, fever and chills, weak urine flow |
| Vaginal cells to determine Gardenella | Clue cells |
| Chemical defense against bacterial infection of reproductive syst. | Lysozime |
| Toxic shock caused by | Staphyloccocus aureus |
| Pelvic inflammatory disease is caused by | micoplasma Hominis |
| To prevent toxic shock | Prophylactic use of antibiotics, cessation of use of tampons |
| Memebers of normal microflora | Streptococcus, Bacteroides, Mycobacterium, Neisseria, and some Enterobacteriaceae. normal resident flora prevents potential infections. |
| In women of reproductive age | the pH within reproductive organs is slightly acidic, preventing bacterial infections. In young girls and aging women, the pH changes and approaches the neutral range in which many of the infectious microorganisms can thrive. |
| Defense of reproductive system from infections | normal flora, acidic pH, high salt concentrations, sphincter muscles in ducts preventing backflow, urine flow through parts of the reproductive system that wash away bacteria, enzymes such as lysozyme found in semen and cervical mucus |
| Gonhorrea | Neisseria |
| "Great Imitator" | Chlamydia |
| Lessions of syphilis | Gummas |
| Secondary stage of syphilis | 2 to 10 weeks |
| Lymphogranuloma venereum | Chlamydia Trachomatis |
| Causative for chrancoids | Haemophylus ducreyi |
| Donovanosis | Klebiesella Granulomatis |
| Syphilis Sympstoms | Red brown rash, in the palm of hands and soles of feet |
| Treatment of Balanitis | Tolfnaftate |
| NGU | Nongonococcal urethritis |
| Granuloma Inguinale | Donovanosis |
| STI Protozoan | Trichomoniasis |
| the most prevalent STI in the United States. | Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Mycoplasmal, and Ureaplasmal Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU), Chancroid, Donovanosis, and Chlamydia; chlamydia |
| Female symptoms of gonorrhea | vaginal discharge, painful burning during urination, painful intercourse, bleeding between periods. |
| Male symptoms of gonorrhea | white/yellow/green discharge from penis, painful urinating, swelling of testicles. |
| Primary stage of syphilis | 10–90 days after infection; symptoms are small, red skin sores |
| Secondary stage of syphlis | 2–10 weeks after primary; rash on palms and soles, fever, swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, muscle and joint pain, loss of patches of hair, malaise, rash on skin, mucous membranes of mouth, throat, and cervix |
| Latent Syphilis | After secondary stage; no symptoms |
| Tertiary stage of syphilis | Many years from onset of latent phase; symptoms are gummas (masses of tissue in various organs), memory loss, ataxia, paralysis, insanity, death |
| HIV stage 1 | 1–12 months—HIV antibodies appear, flu-like symptoms |
| Group 2 HIV | 1–8 years—mild anemia, low white blood cell count, decrease in T-cell count, seborrheic dermatitis, shingles, hairy leukoplakia |
| Group 3 HIV | 9–15 years—moderate anemia, low albumin and cholesterol, decrease in helper T cells, severe dermatitis, thrush, weight loss, diarrhea, fever, tuberculosis, bacterial infections, shingles |
| Group 4 HIV | Months to years—death, usually 2 years after diagnosis in men, 12–18 months in women. Death caused by various problems; usually involves opportunistic infections, lymphoma, and wasting syndrome. |
| Vulvovaginal candidiasis | Candida albicans. Symptom is curdlike, yellow-white or yellow-green vaginal discharge. Diagnosed by microscopic examination of culture. Treated with antifungals, including ketoconazole, amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, flucytosine. |
| Balanitis | infection of glans penis; develops into patches that cause severe itching and burning. Diagnosed by microscopic examination of sample culture. Treated with topical antifungals to include: miconazole, tolnaftate, clotrimazole. |
| Jock itch | can affect both men and women. Organisms Tinea spp. and Epidermophyton floccosum,transmitted by direct contact. Symptoms skin rash and severe itching. samples, and culturing on selective media. Treatment involves topical antifungal medications |
| Congenital CMV caused by | Cytomegalovirus |
| Fetus infected by rubella produces | IgM |
| Antibody can cross placenta | IgG |
| Scalded skin syndrome common in | Infants |
| Mononucleosis | Young adults |
| STIs in United states is more in | Young Adults |
| One third of death in 65 years old is | Infectious diseases |
| Infection that not recur in pregnancy | Streptoccocal infections |
| Congenital infection | is passed from mom to baby before or during birth |
| Impetigo | Staphylococcus aureus |
| Mononucleosis | Epstein–Barr virus |
| Decline in inmune system with aging is | Immune senescence |
| Recommended to avoid toxoplasmosis | Cooking meat to safe temperatures, washing fruits and vegetables, Cleaning and utensils that have contacted raw meat, poultry, or seafood or unwashed vegetables and fruits, Pregnant women avoid contact with used cat litter. |
| Diseases common in college campus | Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Herpes, HPV, Syphilis, Hepatitis B and C, HIV |
| Common disease in elderly population | Pneumonia, Influenza, Urinary tract infections, Skin infections, |
| Infant immune system | the infant depends on passive antibodies received through the placenta, colostrum, and breast milk after birth. IgGs can cross the placenta; IgAs are also found in the colostrum and breast milk, along with white blood cells. |
| Set of guilds | Community |
| Not free living nitrogen-fixing bacteria | Rhizobium |
| Not found in the atmosphere | Phosphorus |
| zone present in oceans only | Abyssal zone |
| Marine microorganisms are present in | Littoral zone |
| Bacillus anthracic | Category A agent |
| Vibrio Cholerae | Category B agent |
| 6 more abundant element | carbon |
| Nitrate is reduced to Nitrogen | Denitrification |
| Eutrophication | Phosphorus cycle |
| Region of earth populated by living organisms | Biosphere |
| CO2 to organic molecules is | Carbon fixation |
| Cholera | category Bdisease |
| Rhizobium | Nitrogen cycle |
| Category A agents | Easily transmitted person to person High mortality rate Potential to cause panic Require special action for preparedness |
| Category B agents | Include organisms such as E. coli , Vibrio cholerae, Rickettsia, and Cryptosporidia. |
| Category C | primarily newly emerging infectious diseases such as the Hanta and Nipah viruses. |
| Winogradsky Column | A soil sample is placed in a glass column along with water and enrichment compounds such as calcium carbonate and sulfate. |
| Spreading of infection in a new population | Adoption |
| Population will live in urban areas in 2050 | 69% |
| Marburg virus spread by | Green monkeys |
| Disease considered a new emerging disease | Hantavirus |
| Reemerging disease | Tuberculosis |
| organism group I | Helicobacter pylori |
| disease in group II category | Mumps |
| Protozoan emergent and reemergent disease | Category I |
| Disease transmitted by fecal oral route | Peptic Ulcer |
| Transmitte by Ticks | Tularemia |
| Small changes in viral coat is an | Antigenic drift |
| Hendra virus is transmitted by | Flying foxes |
| "Fifth disease" is caused by | Human Parvovirus B 19 |
| Acanthamebiasis is a emerging and reemerging disease in group | I |
| Emerging disease | disease newly identified in the population or one which exists but has changed. |
| Reemerging disease | older diseases that were previously under control but are reoccurring. |
| Factors playing a role in the emerging of a disease | Human demographics and behavior, ecological changes, agricultural development, international travel and commerce, technology and industry, microbial adaptation and change, breakdown of public health measures, human susceptibility to infection, climate and |
| Group I | pathogens that were newly recognized in the past 2 decades |
| 6 priorities areas dealing with global infectious diseases | International outbreak assistance, Global disease surveillance, Applied research, Application of proven public health tools, Global initiatives to reduce HIV/AIDS, deaths due to tuberculosis and malaria, Establishment of International Emerging Infections |
| Role of urbanization in the emerging and reemerging diseases | 20. Population density in urban areas makes disease transmission easier as it allows infections that arise in isolated rural areas that previously remained isolated to spread |
Created by:
julietoliva
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