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Biology Chapter 3
Term | Definition |
---|---|
cell theory (3.1) | theory that states that all organisms are made of cells, all cells are produced by other living cells, and the cell is the most basic unit of life |
cytoplasm (3.1) | jellylike substance inside of cells that contains molecules and in some cell organelles |
organelle (3.1) | membrane-bound structure that is specialized to perform a distinct process within a cell |
prokaryotic cell (3.1) | cell that doesn't have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles |
eukaryotic cell (3.1) | cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles |
cytoskeleton (3.2) | network of proteins, such as micro tubules and micro filaments, inside a eukaryotic cell that forms and shapes the cell |
nucleus (3.2) | organelle composed of a double membrane that acts as a store holder for most of the cell's DNA |
endoplasmic reticulum (3.2) | interconnected network of thin, folded membranes that produce, process, and distribute proteins |
ribosome (3.2) | organelle that links amino acids together to form proteins |
Golgi apparatus (3.2) | stack of flat, membrane-enclosed spaces containing enzymes that process, sort, and deliver proteins |
vesicle (3.2) | small organelle that contains or transports materials within the cytoplasm |
mitochondrion (3.2) | bean-shaped organelle that supplies energy to the cell and has its own ribosome and DNA |
vacuole (3.2) | organelle that is used to store materials, such as water, food, or enzymes that are needed my the cell |
lysosome (3.2) | organelle that contains enzymes |
centriole (3.2) | small cylinder-shaped organelle made of protein tubes arranged in a circle; aids mitosis |
cell wall (3.2) | rigid structure that gives protection, support, and shape to cells in plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria |
chloroplast (3.2) | organelle composed of numerous membrane that are used to convert solar energy into chemical energy; contains chlorophyll |
cell membrane (3.3) | double layer of phospholipids that forms a boundary between a cell and the surrounding environment and controls the passage of materials from in and out of a cell |
phospholipid (3.3) | molecule that forms a double-layered cell membrane; consists of glycerol, a phosphate group, and two fatty acids |
fluid mosaic model (3.3) | model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane |
selective permeability (3.3) | condition or quality of adding some, but not all, materials to cross a barrier or membrane |
receptor (3.3) | protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response |
passive transport (3.4) | movement of molecules across the cell membrane without energy input from the cell |
diffusion (3.4) | movement of dissolved molecules in a fluid or gas from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration |
concentration gradient (3.4) | difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another |
osmosis (3.4) | diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration |
isotonic (3.4) | solution that has an equal concentration of dissolved particles compared with another solution |
hypertonic (3.4) | solution that has a higher concentration of dissolved particles compared with another solution |
hypotonic (3.4) | solution that has a lower concentration of dissolved particles compared with another solution |
facilitated diffusion (3.4) | diffusion of molecules assisted by protein channels that pierce a cell membrane |
active transport (3.5) | energy-requiring movement of molecules across a cell membrane to an area of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration |
endocytosis (3.5) | uptake of liquids or large molecules into a cell by inward folding of the cell membrane |
phagocytosis (3.5) | uptake of a solid particle into a cell by engulfing the particle, see endocytosis |
exocytosis (3.5) | release of substances out of a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with a membrane |