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Biology I Chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is every physical thing-living or not- made up of? | atoms |
| smallest basic unit of life | atoms |
| what kind of charge do protons have? neutrons? electrons | protons-positive neutrons-no charge electrons-negative |
| substance made up of one type of atom and cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means | element |
| how do you identify an element | by number of protons in nucleus->atomic number |
| where are elements organized | periodic table |
| when is a atom most stable | when its outer energy levels are filled with electrons |
| how do atoms become more stable | by bonding with other atoms |
| *atoms rarely exists alone | |
| what are atoms that have gained or lost an electron | ionic bonds |
| if an atom gained an electron what kind of charge does it have | negative |
| if an atom lost an electron what kind of charge does it have | positive |
| **Positive and negative ions are attracted | |
| *Ionic bonds are very strong chemical bonds | |
| atoms that have become more stable by sharing one or more pair of electrons with other atoms | covalent bonds |
| are covalent bonds weaker or stronger than ionic bonds | weaker but they are still strong |
| two or more atoms held together by a covalent bonds | molecule |
| what are many substances in living things made up of | molecules |
| substances composed of atoms of two or more different elements held together in specific ratios | compounds |
| what does water's unique properties allow | they allow life to exist on Earth |
| **WATER IS A POLAR COVALENT MOLECULE | |
| polar | has charged regions |
| nonpolar | has no charged regions |
| forms between slightly positive hydrogen atoms and slightly negative atoms | hydrogen bonds |
| what does life depend on | hydrogen bonds |
| what is cohesion | attraction to stick to same substances of different charges |
| what is adhesion | ability of water to attract molecules of different substances |
| what makes a drop of water | cohesion and surface tension |
| what are the 4 properties of water | water molecules are very polar; water has a high specific heat; ice is less dense than water; capillary action |
| what is capillary action | what water moves up thin tubes because of adhesion |
| what is 4 reasons why water is important for life | water is a terrific solvent; water has a strong surface tension; water has a relatively high boiling point; is there water on other plants |
| why is water a terrific solvent | many ions and polar molecules necessary for life can disolve in water |
| what does it mean that water has a high boiling point | it takes a lot of heat energy for water molecules to leave their liquid form held together by cohesion |
| formed when one substance dissolves in another | solution |
| dissolve other substances and present in greater amount | solvent |
| dissolve in a solvent | solute |
| do polar solvents dissolve polar or non-polar solutes | polar |
| do non-polar solvents dissolve polar or non-polar solutes | non-polar |
| what is the pH scale used to determine | the % of hydrogen ions in water |
| what has a high Hydrogen concentration and a pH less than 7 | Acids |
| what has a low Hydrogen concentration and a pH greater than 7 | bases |
| what substance is neutral and has a pH of 7 | water |
| what can pH be regulated by | buffers |
| compounds that can bind to Hydrogen when Hydrogen concentration increases and can release Hydrogen when the Hydrogen concentration decreases | buffer |
| what should the pH in humans stay around | 6.5-7.5 |
| if humans have too low of a pH what could that result in | ulcer |
| change substances into different substances by breaking chemical bonds and forming new chemical bonds | chemical reaction |
| catalysts that speed up reactions in living things | enzymes |
| speeds up reactions | catalysts |
| -type of protein -breaks down materials -ends in "ase" -lowers activation rate | enzymes |
| amount of energy needed for chemical ractions | activation energy |
| ***Enzymes SPEED UP reactions and LOWER activation energy | |
| why do enzymes have a specific shape | so they fit a specific substrate |
| something that needs to be broken down | substrate |
| temperature and pH can affect the shape of the enzyme which can cause enzyme to not work | denaturization |
| why is carbon the element of life | it can bond to many different elements |
| 3 characteristics of carbon atoms | 1) carbon can bond with itself or other atoms 2) ring or long chain structure 3) often binds to hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbon) |
| what is part of 4 main macromolecules | carbon |
| large molecules | macromolecules |
| what are the 4 main macromolecules | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| what are the components of macromolecules | monomer- building block polymer- chain of monomers |
| what are carbs made of | Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen in a ring |
| what is an example of carbs | glucose |
| what do carbs do | break down carbs to release usable energy |
| what is the monomer of carbs | monosaccharides |
| what is the polymer of carbs | disacchardies & polysaccharides |
| what are lipids made of | carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a chain |
| what is an example of lipids | fats and oils |
| what do lipids do | store energy and absorbation of vitamins and minerals |
| a phospholipid has a hydrophillic head and a hydrophobic tail | |
| what are proteins made of | carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen |
| what is an example of proteins | enzymes |
| what is the monomer of proteins | amino acids |
| what is the function of proteins | perform cell functions |
| what is the primary structure of proteins | sequence of amino acids |
| what is the secondary structure of proteins | fold and helix |
| what is the teritary structure of proteins | fold ontop of each other |
| what is the quaternary structure of proteins | multiple teritray |
| what are nucleic acids made of | carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and a phosphate |
| what is an example of nucleic acids | DNA and RNA |
| what is the monomer of nucleic acids | nucleotides |
| what are nucleotides made of | phosphate, sugar and nitrogen base |
| the usable form of energy for cells | ATP (Adenosline Triphosphate) |
| when is ATP made | during cellular respiration in the mitochondria |
| when energy is released and the bond of the second and third phosphate what does it turn into | ADP |
| how do energy molecules and other particles go to where they need to go | through the cell membrane |
| regulates what goes in/out of cell | cell membrane |
| made of lipid bilayer; selectively permeable ; helps cells maintain homeostatis | cell membrane |
| what are the 2 types of cell transport | passive and active |
| movement of materials across cell membrane without using energy | passive transport |
| * in any solution, solute particles (oxygen/gases) move constantly | |
| what are the 2 types of passive transport | diffusion and facilitated diffusion |
| particles move from high concentration to low concentration | diffusion |
| *ultimate goal is equilibrium | |
| concentration is balanced on both sides | equilibrium |
| what happens once equilibrium is reached | particles continue to move across in both directions |
| passive transport that needs help | facilitated diffusion |
| why does water have a hard time passing through membrane | hydrophobic middle |
| how does water move | high to low |
| same strength | isotonic |
| above strength in comparison | hypertonic |
| below strength in comparison | hypotonic |
| WATER GOES TOWARD HIGHER CONCENTRATION | |
| in a hypertonic solution what will have to the cell | it will shrink |
| in a hypotonic solution what will happen to the cell | it will swell |
| what does the change in water concentration create | osmotic pressure |
| movement of water creating a force | osmotic pressure |
| movement of particles against a concentration gradient | active transport |
| 2 types of active transport | molecular & bulk |
| uses protein pumps to move calcium, potassium, and sodium *pumps will change shape | molecular transport |
| moving large particles across cell membrane | bulk transport |
| materials go into cell | endocytosis |
| material leave the cell | exocytosis |
| engulfs materials | phagocytosis |
| vesicles will pinch off material | pinocytosis |
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dancer2024
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