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Chpt 3-Cell Biology
Chapter 3: The Macromolecules of the Cell USDFall2018 Dr. Karen Koster
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a nucleic acid? | macromolyculethat is the polymer of nucleotides |
| What is the function of a nucleic acid? | Storing, transmitting, and expressing genetic information |
| Are nucleic acids linear or branched? | linear |
| What are the two types of nucelic acids? | deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid |
| What are DNA and RNA? | nucleic acids made of 5 carbon sugar |
| What is the difference between the structure of DNA ad RNA nucleic acid? | Ribose has an extra hydroxyl on the 2' Carbon |
| What is the monomer of nucleic acids? | Nucleotides |
| What do nucleotides consist of ? | 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen containing aromatic base |
| How many rings do the purines have? | 2 |
| How many rings do the pyrimadines have? | 1 |
| What are the purines? | Adenosine and Guanine |
| What are the pyrimadines? | Cytosine, Uracil, Thyamine |
| How do thyamine and uracil differ structurally? | The Thyamine has an extra methyl group |
| What is a nucleoside? | A nucleoside is a nucleotide without the phosphate group, it has the 5 carbon sugar and the nitrogen containing aromatic base |
| What is another term for nucleotide? | Nucleoside monophosphate |
| What is the role of a nucleotide? (2) | monomeric unit of nucleic acids intermediate in various energy-transferring reactions |
| How is the phosphate group bonded to the 5 carbon sugar? | through a phosphoester bond |
| Where is the phosphate group bonded on the 5 carbon sugar ? | it is bonded to the 5' carbon |
| What is a phosphodiester bridge? | it is the linkage of a phosphate to two adjacent nucelotides |
| How is a phosphodiester bridge linked to the nucleotides? | they are attached to the 5' carbon of one nucleotide and the 3' carbon of the other nucleotide |
| What is a polynucleotide? | multiple nucleotides bonded together with the phosphate groups |
| What functional groups allow the based to hydrogen bond? | the carbonyl and nitrogen groups |
| A DNA molecule is a ________-______ helix. | Double-stranded |
| Double helix of DNA consists of two ___________________ of DNA twisted together. | complementary chains |
| Is DNA right handed or left handed? | right handed |
| What letter is DNA? | B |
| What charge do phosphate groups carry? | negative |
| Sugars of DNA have _______ ________ groups. | polar hydroxyl |
| Are the nitrogen bases hydrophobic or hydrophilic? | hydrophobic |
| Where are the nitrogen bases orientated? | inward away from water |
| What stabilizes the structure of DNA? | hydrogen bonding |
| How are the two strands of DNA orientated with eachother? | antiparallel and complementary |
| What is a polysaccharide? | long-chain polymer of sugar and sugar derivatives |
| What is the monomer orientation of polysaccharides? | of a single monomer or alternating monomers |
| What is the primary role of polysaccharides? | energy storage |
| What is the monomer of polysaccharides? | Monosaccharides |
| What are the two types of sugars? | aldosugars and ketosugars |
| Where is the carbonyl located on the aldosugars? | terminal carbon (edge carbon) |
| Where is the carbonyl located on the ketosugar? | internal caronyl (carbon farther down the chain |
| What is the general formula of sugars? | CnH2nOn |
| What coined the term carbohydrates? | the general formula and they were thought to be hydrates of carbon |
| What is the numbering system of monosaccharides? | beginiing with the more xidized end of the molecule or the end closest to the carbonyl |
| How does glucose exist? | in a dynammic equilibriym between the linear and ring form |
| What is the ring form of glucose? | pyranose |
| What is a pyranose ring? | five carbon atoms and 1 oxygen atom |
| What is the predominat structure of glucose? | ring form because its mor eenergetically stable than the linear form |
| What is a disaccharide? | long chain polysaccharide |
| What makes up a disaccharide? | two monosaccharide unites linked together |
| What are 3 examples of disaccharides? | maltose,lactose,sucrose |
| What makes up maltose? | two glucose |
| What makes up lactose? | glucose and galactose |
| What makes up sucrose? | glucose and fructose |
| What makes up fructose? | five member ring |
| What is the frucosse ring called? | furanose |
| What other rings are considered furanose rings? | ribose and deoxyribose |
| How are disaccharides formed? | Condensation reaction |
| What is a glycosidic bond? | bond between two monosaccharides |
| What are the two types of polysaccharides? | Storage and structural |
| What are the examples of storage polysaccharides? | starch and glycogen |
| What is the bond of storage polysaccharides? | alpha glycosidic bonds |
| What are thte examples of storage polysaccharides? | Cellulose and chitin |
| What is the bond of structral polysaccharides? | beta glycosidic bonds |
| Why are lipids not always thought of as macromolecules? | they aren't linear |
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kenzigustafson
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