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Cranial Nerves Path.
Pathology Related to Cranial Nerves for Speech and Hearin
| Cranial Nerves | Pathology |
|---|---|
| Trigeminal Nerve: lesion- sensory symptoms | loss of sneezing and blinking reflexes because of the interrupted innervation of the nasal mucosa and the exterior surface of the eye |
| Trigeminal Nerve: lesion- motor symptoms | because trigeminal nerve has bilateral projections, a unilateral UMN lesion will likely show only mild weakness of contralateral mastication muscles |
| Bilateral UMN Trigeminal Lesions | marked paralysis of mastication muscles bilaterally |
| Bilateral UMN Trigeminal Lesions | mandible hangs low |
| Bilateral UMN Trigeminal Lesions | much difficulty chewing foods |
| Bilateral UMN Trigeminal Lesions | difficulty in producing vowels and labial and lingual consonants |
| Unilateral LMN Trigeminal Lesions | ipsilateral paralysis of muscles of mastication |
| Unilateral LMN Trigeminal Lesions | jaw slightly deviates toward the side of the lesion |
| Unilateral LMN Trigeminal Lesions | jaw deviation is exaggerated upon jaw protrusion |
| Unilateral LMN Trigeminal Lesions | fasiculations and atrophy on ipsilateral side |
| Unilateral LMN Trigeminal Lesions | jaw jerk reflex is absent |
| Lesion of the Facial Nerve Near the Pons | paralysis of the ipsilateral facial muscles |
| Lesion of the Facial Nerve at Pons | excessive secretion from from glands |
| Lesion of the Facial Nerve at Pons | loss of taste from anterior two-thirds of tongue |
| Unilateral UMN Facial Nerve Lesion | contralateral lower face weak: loss of nasolabial fold, sagging of mouth |
| Unilateral UMN Facial Nerve Lesion | upper face intact: able to furrow eyebrows bilaterally, able to tightly close both eyes |
| Unilateral LMN Facial Nerve Lesion | ipsilateral signs: entire half face is paralyzed (decreased forehead furrows, weakness noted in closing eye, loss of nasolabial fold, sagging of mouth) |
| Vestibular Nerve Dysfunction | impaired equilibrium |
| Vestibular Nerve Dysfunction | vertigo or dizziness, sensation of moving around in space |
| Vestibular Nerve Dysfunction | nystagmus: rhythmic movement of the eye in which the eye moves slowly from the center and then rapidly returns |
| Acoustic Nerve Dysfunction | sensoirneural hearing loss: involvement of the cochlear nuclei, cochlear nerve, and/or central auditory pathways |
| Acoustic Nerve Dysfunction | tinnitus (possibly): sensation of ringing, buzzing, or other noises |
| Lesion of the Glossopharyngeal Nerve | rarely the only cranial nerve selected because it arises from the nucleus ambiguus that is shared with the vagus nerve |
| Discrete Lesion of Glossopharyngeal Nerve | loss of general and taste sensation from ipsilateral posterior third of the tongue |
| Discrete Lesion of Glossopharyngeal Nerve | loss of cutaneous sensation from posterior third of tongue causes loss of gag reflex |
| Discrete Lesion of Glossopharyngeal Nerve | poor control of the parotoid gland leads to excessive oral secretion |
| Lesion of the Nucleus Ambiguus | ipsilateral paralysis of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx |
| Lesion to the pharyngeal branch of vagus | paralysis of the pharynx and soft palate |
| Lesion to the pharyngeal branch of vagus | leads to difficulty swallowing |
| Lesion to the pharyngeal branch of vagus | may result in hypernasal speech |
| Lesion to the laryngeal branch of vagus | leads to unilateral vocal fold paralysis; breathy and hoarse vocal quality |
| Lesion to the laryngeal branch of vagus | may also lead to aspiration |
| Unilateral LMN Lesion to Hypoglossal Nerve | ipsilateral half of tongue paralyzed |
| Unilateral LMN Lesion to Hypoglossal Nerve | tongue becomes flaccid and wrinkled |
| Unilateral LMN Lesion to Hypoglossal Nerve | tongue - atrophy |
| Unilateral LMN Lesion to Hypoglossal Nerve | on protrusion, tongue deviates toward the side of the lesion |
| Unilateral LMN Lesion to Hypoglossal Nerve | leads to dysarthria |
| Bilateral LMN Lesion to Hypoglossal Nerve | bilateral paralysis of tongue |
| Bilateral LMN Lesion to Hypoglossal Nerve | entire tongue flaccid and wrinkled |
| Bilateral LMN Lesion to Hypoglossal Nerve | bilateral atrophy of tongue |
| Bilateral LMN Lesion to Hypoglossal Nerve | patient may not be able to protrude his tongue |
| Bilateral LMN Lesion to Hypoglossal Nerve | results in severe dysarthria |
Created by:
sullivancl
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