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BIO201 - EXAM 1
Overview of Anatomy & Physiology
Question | Answer |
---|---|
What is Anatomy? | study of structure of body parts, what they look like, where they are |
What is gross or macroscopic? | able to see with eyes |
What is microscopic? | need a microscope to see |
What is Physiology? | study of the function and how things work |
What is definition of regional? (Gross Anatomy) | all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg) |
What is the definition of systematic? (Gross Anatomy) | gross anatomy of the bod studied by system - ex: circulatory and/or respiratory system |
Cytology? | study of cell |
Histology? | study of tissues |
Embryology? | study of developmental changes before birth |
Pathological Anatomy ? | study of structural changes caused by diseases |
Radiographic Anatomy? | study of internal structures visualized by specialized scanning procedures |
Physiology? | -considers operations of specific organ systems -renal = kidney function -neurophysiology = nervous system -cardiovascular = operation of heart and blood vessels -functions of the body, cellular or molecular level |
Principle of Complementarity? | -function always reflects structure -form follows funtion |
What are the ways to examine the structure of the human body? | 1. inspection = seeing/eyesight 2. palpation = touching/feeling 3. auscultation = listen 4. percussion = tapping |
Exploratory Surgery? | opening body & looking inside |
Medical Imaging? | viewing inside the body without surgery - ex: radiology |
Ultrastructure? | molecular detail seen in electron microscope |
Subdiscipline - neurophysiology | Neurophysiology - study of nervous system |
Comparative Physiology? | -limitation on human experimentations -study of different species to learn about bodily function Examples --> animal surgery, animal drug tests |
"Father of Medicine" | Hippocrates = Greek physician *natural over supernatural* |
Aristotle | -one of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology -believed that diseases had either supernatural causes or physical causes - believed that complex structures are built from simpler parts |
SUPERNATURAL causes of disease | theologi -- physician |
NATURAL causes for disease | physiologi -- physiology |
Claudius Galen | -physician to Roman Gladiators -animal dissections; cadavers banned -method od discovery |
Avicenna (Ibn Sina) | -The Canon of Medicine -Galen of Islam |
Andreas Vesalius | -taught anatomy in Italy -barber did cutting |
FATHER OF CIRCULATION | William Harvery |
Robert Hooke | Microscope; non-living things -housing>cell>little chamber |
Antony van Leeuwenhock | Microscope; living things - ex: blood, sperm |
What 3 Germans are associated with The Cell Theory? | 1) Schleiden 2) Schwann - animals 3) Virchow - life made of cells |
What is THE CELL THEORY? | 1) living things made of cells 2) cells basic unit 3) cells - preexisting cells |
Francis Bacon | Inductive Method = making lots of observations until one becomes confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them |
Hypothetico-Deductive Mthod | consistent with what you already know -more physiological knowledge gained by this method -asks questions, forms hypothosis |
Scientific Method | 1) influenced by sample size 2) does need to be control - placebo in control group |
Doublw-blind Study | researcher doesn't give people in study indication of whats going on *blank-placebo |
Describe process/connection of hypothesis, theory, and law | HYPOTHESIS = testable idea, capable of being proven > hypothesis well proven = THEORY > theories universally proven - LAW |
Evolution | change in genetic composition of population of organisms |
Natural Selection | may give edge or disadvantage |
Level of Structural Organization os Hierarchy | |
Subdicipline - endocrinology | Physiology of hormones |
Subdicipline - pathophysiology | mechanism of disease |