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Aorta/IVC Pathology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the most common arterial pathology? | atherosclerosis |
| atherosclerosis | plaque deposits collect & harden the artery |
| thrombus | blood clot resulting from atherosclerosis, bleeding disorders, or injury |
| occlusion | lumen is completely blocked by plaque or thrombus; no blood flow |
| embolism | piece of plaque/clot that breaks off & travels |
| stenosis | any narrowing of the lumen; leads to reduced perfusion |
| aortic aneurysm | localized dilation & weakening of vessel wall; more common in males |
| What is the measurement criteria to be considered an aortic aneurysm? | Measures twice the normal size (or >50% of AP measurement on US) |
| What is the main reason for evaluating the aorta? | aortic aneurysms |
| Fusiform aneurysm | spindle shaped; entire vessel wall involved; mostly below renal arteries |
| Saccular aneurysm | bulge on one side of vessel; involves one area of the vessel wall |
| What is the most common form of aortic aneurysm? | Fusiform |
| Mycotic aneurysm | irreversible dilation of vessel due to infection; unable to distinguish on US |
| How do aneurysms present? | Asymptomatic; can be a palpable pulsatile mass; symptoms are rare, but can include abdominal pain, back or leg pain, & abdominal bruit |
| abdominal bruit | noise heard with a stethoscope |
| What are symptoms of Iliac artery aneurysms? | nonspecific abdominal or pelvic pain |
| Aortic Dissection | the intima is torn away from the vessel wall & appears as 2 compartments; typically begins in thoracic aorta |
| What are the symptoms of aortic dissection? | SHARP abdominal pain, palpable mass, and/or paralysis/syncope |
| Aortic rupture | lateral wall of vessel explodes open, leaking blood into abdominal cavity; EMERGENT situation |
| What are the symptoms of aortic rupture? | intense back pain, shock, expanding abdomen |
| Pseudoaneurysm | a hole in the vessel wall, usually from a puncture; vessel walls are NOT involved |
| What are symptoms of pseudoaneurysms? | low back pain, swelling of abdomen & extremities |
| What is the MOST common IVC pathology? | IVC Thrombus |
| Why is an IVC thrombus so life threatening? | It can dislodge & move to the lungs as a pulmonary embolus (PE) |
| How do they treat IVC thrombi? | IVC filters, anticoagulants, thrombolysis |
| What are the symptoms of IVC thrombus? | usually Asymptomatic; can be swelling in lower extremities |
| What is the most common intravascular tumor? | Renal Cell Carcinoma |
| What % of thrombi in veins come from the lower extremities? | 90% |
| How does an IVC tumor appear on US image? | vessel enlargement, an intraluminal mass is present, & there IS vascularity in the mass |
| What are risk factors for AAA? | atherosclerosis, family history, smoking, high BP |
| What needs to be reported about the location of an AAA? | whether it is superior or inferior to the renal arteries & its distance from them |
| Sonographic findings for aneurysms will show: | widening of the vessel in BOTH planes & an absence of tapering below the renal vessels |
| Sonographic findings for aortic dissections will show: | color doppler in both lumens with a thin, echogenic line in the lumen |
| Sonographic findings for pseudoaneurysms will show: | a pulsatile mass outside the vessel, a visible neck connecting to the vessel, & a yin-yang color flow |
Created by:
ginaliane
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