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Intro Bio Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Metabolism | The sum of all chemical reactions that take place inside the cell. Anabolism= simple to complex (synthesis) Catabolism=complex to simple (breakdown) |
| Functions of Carbs | Provide and store energy, spare fat and proteins from being used. Building blocks. |
| Functions of Lipids | Provide and store energy, forming cell membranes. Building Blocks |
| Functions of Proteins | Act as catalysts, transport, provide structure, and defense. |
| Vacuole | Fluid filled organelles enclosed by a membrane. They can store materials such as food, water, sugar, minerals and waste products. |
| Autotroph | Organisms that store chemical energy in carbohydrate food molecules they build themselves. Aka producers. |
| Heterotroph | Organisms that cannot make their own food, thus they must consume it. Aka consumers. |
| Reproduction | The process in which new organisms are created, by combining the genetic information from two individuals of different sexes |
| Enzymes | Biological catalysts which speed up chemical reactions, but remain unchanged themselves. |
| Nucleolus | creates rRNA to make ribosomes and sends out mRNA to order said ribosomes around. |
| Transcription | The process of transcribing or making a copy of genetic information stored in a DNA strand into a complementary strand of RNA (messenger RNA or mRNA) with the aid of RNA polymerases. |
| Cells | Building blocks of life that divide. They have organelles that help the organism function. |
| Pancreas | A long, irregularly shaped gland in vertebrate animals that is located behind the stomach and is part of the digestive system. It secretes hormones into the bloodstream and digestive enzymes into the small intestine or gut. |
| Chromosome | Rod-shaped structures within the cell nucleus that carry genes encoded by DNA. |
| Translation | The process of translating the codon sequence in mRNA into polypeptides with the help of tRNA and ribosomes. Trans position |
| Heredity | The passing of genetic factors from parent to offspring (or from one generation to the next) |
| Small intestine | The part of the intestine that lies between the stomach and colon, secretes digestive enzymes, and is the chief site of the absorption of digested nutrients. |
| Villi | A minute projection arising from a mucous membrane that is found in small intestine. |
| Passive Transport | Passing particles through cell membrane WITHOUT the use of energy, like osmosis and diffusion. |
| Codominance | The alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed thereby resulting in offspring with a phenotype that is neither dominant nor recessive |
| Homeostasis | The act of the body adjusting to its surroundings. |
| Prokaryotic | No nucleus or organelles |
| Active Transport | Passing particles through cell membrane WITH the use of energy. |
| Incomplete dominance | When one allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele. This results in a third phenotype in which the expressed physical trait is a combination of the phenotypes of both alleles. |
| Life Cycle | The whole life history of an organism, usually depicted through a series of developmental stages (e.g. from zygote into a mature form where another zygote can be produced) in which an organism goes through. |
| Eukaryotic | Contains nucleus and organelles |
| Hypertonic | The total molar concentration of all dissolved solute particles is greater than that of another solution, or greater than the concentration in a cell. |
| Sex-linked traits | A trait that is controlled by a gene or an allele located on the sex chromosome. |
| Hydrolysis | A chemical reaction in which water is used to break down a compound. |
| Cell membrane | Encloses cell contents, monitors what goes in/out (selective permeability) |
| Hypotonic | The total molar concentration of all dissolved solute particles is less than that of another solution or less than that of a cell. |
| Karyotypes | Photomicrographs (photographs taken through a microscope) of all the chromosomes in a person, arranged in standard classification (from #1 chromosomes through to the sex chromosomes). |
| Acids and Bases | Acids release H+ in water. Bases release OH- in water. |
| Mitochondria | POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL Creates ATP via cellular respiration. |
| Isotonic | The total molar concentration of dissolved solutes is the same in both environments. |
| Polarity | A separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole or multipole moment. |
| Chloroplast | Organelle that produces chlorophyll. Plant cells only. |
| Cell Respiration equation | C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O |
| Cohesion | The sticking together of alike molecules. |
| Lysosome | Enzyme sacks that break down cellular waste and convert it into building materials. |
| Photosynthesis equation | 6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| Cell Cycle | The cycle of growth and asexual reproduction of a cell, consisting of interphase followed in actively dividing cells by prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. |
| Mitosis | Cell division that results in the formation of two cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cells, i.e., cell division that forms all new cells except sex cells. |
| Meiosis | The type of cell division that occurs in sex cells by which gametes having the haploid number (23) of chromosomes are produced from diploid (46) cells. |
| Adhesion | The tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another. |
| Ribosome | Organelle that assembles amino acids into polypeptides. |
| Viruses | A small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms. |
| Natural selection | A process in which organisms evolve to adapt to environment |
| Hydrogen Bonding | Hydrogen bonding with small, highly electronegative elements (nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine) |
| Covalent Bonding | Sharing electrons among nonmetallic elements |
| Ionic Bonding | Metal and nonmetal bonding together |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | Tubes that transport things around the cell and has a phospolipid bilayer. Contains enzymes that create lipids. Detoxes the cell. Stores ions in solution. |
| Bottleneck Effect | The loss of genetic variation that occurs after outside forces destroy most of a population. |
| Artificial selection | The breeding of plants and animals to produce desirable traits |
| Parts of an atom | Nucleus (proton, neutron), electron, electron cloud |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | Tubes that transport things around the cell and has a phospolipid bilayer. Has ribosomes attatched. Synthezises proteins. |
| Founder Effect | The loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population. |
| Genetic Drift | A mechanism of evolution in which allele frequencies of a population change over generations due to chance (sampling error). |
| Organic compound | Anything that has carbon. |
| Golgi Apparatus | Processes/stores proteins and send them out of the cell. |
| Darwin | English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882) |
| Mutations | Permanent inheritable changes in a single gene (point mutation) that result in the existence of two or more alleles occurring at the same locus. |
| Carbs | Any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose. |
| Lipid | Any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. |
| Proteins | Any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms. |
| Nucleic acids | Contain hereditary information. Form DNA and RNA. |
| Cell Wall | Cellulose wall around plant cell. |
| Lamarck | French naturalist who proposed that evolution resulted from the inheritance of acquired characteristics (1744-1829) |
| Migration | Moving from one place to another |
| Dehydration | A chemical reaction that involves the loss of a water molecule from the reacting molecule. |
| Allopatric Speciation | When a species divides into separate groups which are isolated from one another, and a new species develops. |
| Peripatric Speciation | When small groups of individuals break off from the larger group and form a new species. |
| Parapatric Speciation | When a species is spread out over a large geographic area. |
| Sympatric Speciation | When a new species, perhaps based on a different food source or characteristic, seems to develop spontaneously. |
| Artificial Speciation | The creation of new species by people. |
| Group A Blood | Has only the A antigen on red cells (and B antibody in the plasma). |
| Group B Blood | Has only the B antigen on red cells (and A antibody in the plasma). |
| Group AB Blood | Has both A and B antigens on red cells (but neither A nor B antibody are in the plasma). |
| Group O Blood | Has neither A nor B antigens on red cells (but both A and B antibody are in the plasma). |
| Directional Selection | A mode of natural selection in which a single phenotype is favored, causing the allele frequency to continuously shift in one direction |
| Disruptive (Diversifying) Selection | A mode of natural selection in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values |
| Stabilizing Selection | A type of natural selection in which genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait value |
| Frequency Dependent Selection | The term given to an evolutionary process where the fitness of a phenotype is dependent on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in a given population |
| Sexual Selection | Natural selection arising through preference by one sex for certain characteristics in individuals of the other sex. |
| Monomers | The simplest unit, or the repeating unit, of a polymer. |
| Polymers | Made from monomers linked by chemical bonds |
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