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Microbiology Chap.16
Disorders in Immunity
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Regulation of Immunity | The immune system must be carefully controlled |
| What is Hyposensitivity? | it means its little sensitivity; too little expression (get sick) |
| What is Hypersensitivity? | it mean its a lot of activity; too much expression (damage self) |
| What is Immunopathology? | the study of disease states associated with over-activity or under-activity of the immune response |
| Allergy and Hypersensitivities | Type 1: Immediate (IgE and histamine) Type 2: Cytotoxic (IgG and complement) Type 3: Immune Complex (IgG complexes) Type 4: Delayed (Tcells and cytokines) |
| Type 1: Immediate: Allergy | altered relativity or exaggerated immune response manifested by inflammation *Atopy - chronic local allergy (hay, fever, asthma, etc.) *Anaphylaxis- Systemic, sometimes fatal reaction |
| Type 1: Immediate: Hypersensitivity | sometimes used interchangeably with allergy, but some consider this to be delayed reaction |
| Type 1: Immediate: Allergens | the antigen to which allergic individuals are sensitive |
| Nature of Allergens: Inhalants | Airbone environmental allergens example: Pollen Dust Mold spores Dander Animal hair Insect parts Formalin Drugs |
| Nature of Allergens: Ingestants | Allergens that enter by mouth example: Food (milk, peanuts, wheat, shellfish, soybeans, nuts, eggs, fruits) Food additives Drugs (aspirin, penicillin) |
| Nature of Allergens: Injectant allergies | side effect of drugs or other substances used in diagnosing, treating, or preventing disease; naturally through venom from stings Examples: Hymenopteran venom (bee, wasp) Drugs Vaccines Serum Enzymes Hormones |
| Nature of Allergens: Contactants | Allergens that enter through the skin Example: Drugs Cosmetics Heavy metals Detergents Formalin Latex Glue Solvents Dyes |
| Cytokines | chemical produced by mast cells and basophilis |
| What is a Mast Cell? | A nonmotile connective tissue cell implanted along capillaries, especially in the lungs, skin, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract. Like a basophil, its granules store mediators of allergy. |
| What is a basophils? | A motile polymorphonuclear leukocyte that binds IgE. The basophilic cytoplasmic granules contain mediators of anaphylaxis and atopy. |
| Cytokines: Histamine | *Stimulates smooth muscle, glands, and eosinophils *Responsible for wheal and flare reaction (hives), pruritus (itchiness), and headache |
| Cytokines: Serotonin | *Effects appear to complement those of histamine |
| Cytokines: Leukotriene | *Induces gradual contraction of smooth muscle (headaches) |
| Histamine, Serotonin, and Leukotriene | Are chemicals that get release |
| Diseases Associated with IgE and Mast- Cell Mediated Allergy | Atopic Diseases- Hay fever (allergic rhinitis reaction to pollen or molds), Asthma (severe bronchoconstriction) Atopic Dermatitis- intense itchy inflammatory condition of the skin (eczema) *Food allergy *Drug allergy *Anaphylaxis |
| Food Allergy | Gastrointestinal symptoms (vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain) |
| Food Allergy Other symptoms | eczema, hives, rhinitis (runny nose), and occasionally anaphylaxis |
| Most common food allergens | peanuts, fish, cow's milk, eggs. shellfish, and soybeans |
| What does classic food hypersensitivity involves? | IgE and degranulation of mast cells |
| Drug Allergy | Virtually any tissue can be affected |
| In Drug Allergy, reactions range from what? | mild atopic to fatal anaphylaxis |
| In the drug allergy the actual allergen what? | not the drug itself but a hapten given off when the liver processes the drug |
| What is Anaphylaxis? | Greatly amplified response of chemical mediators |
| In Anaphylaxis when have death occurred? | Within 15 Minutes |
| What is Curaneous anaphylaxis? | wheal and flare inflammatory reaction to a local injection of allergen |
| What is Systemic anaphylaxis? | sudden respiratory and circulatory disruption that can be fatal |
| Diagnosis of Allergy In vitro methods | *measure elevated blood levels of tryptase *differential blood cell count *leukocyte histamine release test- inject and measure level *serological tests that measure levels of IgE to specific antigen |
| Diagnosis of Allergy skin testing | wheal and flare rxsn |
| Diagnosis of Allergy Treatment | *avoid allergen *take drugs that block the actions of lymphocytes, mast cells, or chemical medication *Undergo desensitization therapy |
| What does Drugs do to Block Allergy? | Block the progress of allergic response between IgE production and symptoms |
| Drugs to Block Allergy: Corticosteriods | inhibit lymphocytes (b-cells and t-cells) |
| Drugs to Block Allergy: Antihistamines | fight against histamines |
| Drugs to Block Allergy: Asprin | prostaglandin inhibition |
| Drugs to Block Allergy: Cromolyn | prevents degranulation of mast cells |
| Drugs to Block Allergy: Epinephrine | opens airways |
| Drugs to Block Allergy | Any drugs that blocks synthesis of leukotrienes and inactive IgE's |
| Type 2 Hypersensitivities | *Reactions that lyse foreign cells *Complex group of syndromes that involve complement- assisted lysis of cells by IgG and IgM directed against those cells surface antigens *Includes transfusion reactions and some type of autoimmunities |
| Basis of Human ABO Antigens and Blood Types | *ABO blood groups *ABO antigen markers on RBCs are genetically determined ad composed of glycoproteins *Result in 4 blood types |
| What are the for blood types? | Type A Type B Type AB Type O |
| Immunodeficiency Disease | Hyposensitivity of the immune system diease |
| How can you get Immunodeficiency Disease? | Congenital (at birth) and usually stemming from genetic errors Secondary diseases: acquired after birth and caused by natural or artificial agents |
| Deficiencies in B-Cells (AB) | usually appears as an abnormality in immunoglobulin expression |
| Deficiencies in B-Cells: Agammaglobulinemia | rare condition of the absence of gamma globulin |
| Symptoms of Agammaglobulinemia | recurrent, serious bacterial infections |
| In Agammaglobulinemia what deficiency is most prevalent? | IgA |
| Deficiencies in T-Cells (CMI) | result in a broad spectrum of disease |
| when is Deficiencies in B-Cells most severe? | When involve the congenital absence or immaturity of the thymus gland |
| Examples of Deficiencies in B-Cells | *DiGeorge syndrome (boy in a "bubble") *defect in thymus *t-cells do not mature *cellular defenses are diminished *Highly susceptible to viral infections |
| What is SCIDs? | Severe combinded (B-cells and T-cells) immunodeficiencies (SCIDs) Some due to complete absence of lymphocyte stem cell |
| How is Secondary Immunodeficiency Diseases caused? | caused by infection, organ disease, chemotherapy, and radiation |
| What does Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) leads to? | Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) |
Created by:
Jervetteg
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