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Gram Positive 2
Duke PA micro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Virulence factors for Group B strep | less well defined |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | gram positive cocci in short chains or pairs |
| What does the hemolytic pattern depend on in strep pneumoniae? | medium |
| Where is strep pneumoniae normal flora? | respiratory tract |
| How many serotypes of strep pneumoniae are there? | 84 |
| DRSP | drug resistant streptococcus pneumoniae |
| When is strep penumoniae more common? | spring/winter |
| What types of people are at risk for strep pneumoniae? | antecedent viral illness, children & elderly, immunocompromised patients |
| How is strep pneumoniae transmitted? | via endogenous spread from colonized naso/oropharynx to distal sites |
| What is strep pneumoniae the #1 cause of? | sinusitis, OM, pneumonia, meningitis and supparative conjunctivitis |
| What is the only member of Staphylococcus spp. That produces enzyme coagulase? | Staph aureus |
| What are all other Staphylococcus spp. Grouped as? | coagulase negative Staph. |
| What are virulence factors in S. areus? | enterotoxins, TSS toxin, exfoliatin, beta-lactamase, numerous proteolytic enzymes |
| What is S. aureus the number one cause of? | bacteremia and sepsis, endocarditis, osteomyelitis |
| Who is at risk for S. aureus infection? | hospitalized after surgery/trauma, foreign body, patients on antibiotic Rx |
| Where is S. aureus common? | skin, oropharynx, GI and GU tracts |
| How long can S. aureus survive on dry surfaces? | long periods of time |
| How is S. aureus transmitted? | direct contact or fomites; nosocomial infections common |
| Where is S. aureus more likely to colonize? | much more likely to colonize the nasopharynx than the oropharynx |
| Where is there an increased incidence of S. aureus? | in hospital pts, medical personnel, needle users and those with underlying dermatoses |
| MRSA | methicillin-resistant S. aureus |
| HA-MRSA | nosocomial infection - hospitalized |
| CA-MRSA | community aquired MRSA |
| what percent of the population is believed to be colonized with CA-MRSA? | ~1% |
| Is CA-MRSA different from HA-MRSA? | bacteriologically distinct |
| Who is at risk for MRSA? | children, athletes, African-Americans, Native Americans, immunocompromised patients |
| What situations raise the risk of transmission of MRSA? | crowded quarters, frequent skin-skin contact, poor hygiene |
| What does MRSA most commonly present as? | superficial skin infection, but sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis possible |
| Where is coagulase negative Staphylococci common? | skin, oropharynx, GI and GU tracts |
| Who is at risk for coagulase negative Staphylococci? | hospital patients with indwelling devices, joint or heart prosthesis |
| What are the virulence factors of coagulase negative Staphylococci? | glycocalyx capsule, proteolytic enzymes, cell wall structures |
| Enterococcus | gram positive cocci in pairs/short chains, facultative anaerobes, very "hearty" organisms |
| How many species of enterococcus are there? | 12 species, E. faecalis and E. faecium are most important |
| Where is enterococcus found in normal flora? | small intestines (small #s) and large intestines (large #s) |
| Is antibiotic resistance a problem with enterococcus? | yes - huge problem - important nosocomial pathogen |
| What is the only clinically significant anaerobic Gram positive cocci? | peptostreptococcus - multiple species involved in disease |
| What is the most common species of peptostreptococcus involved in disease? | P. magnus |
| Where is peptostreptococcus found in normal flora? | GI tract, urethra, vagina and skin |
Created by:
ges13
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