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Gram Positive 1

Duke PA micro

QuestionAnswer
Streptococci diverse group of gram positive cocci
How are streptococci arranged? pairs or chains
What are the oxygen requirements for streptococci? facultative anaerobes with complex nutritional requirements
What are the classifications of streptococci? serology (Lancefield groups), hemolytic patterns, biochemical (species name), clinical presentation
Lancefield groups refers to group-specific cell wall antigens (usually carbohydrates)
What is the current use of the Lancefield groups? groups A, B, C, F and G
Hemolysis bacterial growth on blood agar surface disrupts erythrocytes
classification of Streptococcus by hemolysis A-hemolytic, B-hemolytic or non-hemolytic
A-hemolysis on blood agar zone of hemolysis on blood agar appears green
B-hemolysis on blood agar zone of hemolysis is clear
non-hemolytic example Streptococcus pneumoniae
viridans streptococci normal flora of human upper respiratory and GI tract, can cause
important viridans streptococci
viridans streptococci normal flora - where? human upper respiratory and GI tract
What age is strep most common? 5-15 year olds
What are viridans streptcocci normal flora involved in?
B-hemolytic streptococci - Group A colonize upper respiratory tract of children, and, to a lesser extent, adults
B-hemolytic streptococci - Group B normal flora of perineum in 1/3 of adults
Most of the B-hemolytic streptococci also carry what other designations? Lancefield - Groups A, B, C and G
What needs to always be on the differential for neonates? Group B strep
Who is at risk for B-hemolytic Group B strep? pregnant women - transmitted strep to neonate could be very harmful
B-hemolytic streptococci - Group C similar spectrum to Group A
B-hemolytic streptococci - Group G infections of skin
What should always follow a rapid test, negative or positive? culture
What type of strep do most labs check for? B-hemolytic Group A strep
What could you miss with just a reguluar strep culture? B-hemolytic Group B strep - similar to Group A
Group A Strep aka S. pyogenes
What is Group A Streptococci often designated as? GAS
What is the most common clinical picture of GAS? exudative pharyngitis
What else can GAS cause? various other clinical syndromes
Why do we treat streptococcal pharyngitis? to prevent rheumatic fever
What are the virulence factors of GAS? M-proteins, adhesins, capsule, exotoxins
M-proteins surface cell wall proteins that facilitate spread through host tissue; strain specific
Adhesins numerous; facilitate adherence to host cells
What are examples of adhesins? lipotechoic acid, F-protein
Capsule resists phagocytosis
What are the exotoxins in GAS? streptolysins, streptokinase, pyrogenic exotoxins
What do streptolysis do? lyse RBCs, WBCs & plts
What do streptokinases do? lyse blood clots
What do pyrogenic exotoxins do? facilitate release of cytokines
Exotoxins species-specific proteins secreted (extracellularly) by bacteria
What are some of the most powerful human poisons? exotoxins
Where are exotoxins secreted from? both Gram + and Gram - bacteria
What are endotoxins associated with? Gram - bacteria
What are some features of exotoxins? virulence, antigenic, some are superantigens, unstable; heat labile
Do exotoxins have broad or narrow cell type specificity? either
Group B streptococci aka S. agalactiae
Group B strep normal flora of perineum in 1/3 of population
Who are at increased risk of perinatel infections from Group B strep? neonates
Does Group B strep cause GU infections? infrequent
Created by: ges13
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