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Biology EOC Vocab
Biology EOC Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The nucleic acid molecule that stores genetic information. | DNA |
| The organelle that converts glucose into ATP (energy) for the cell to use | mitochondria |
| The organelle that performs photosynthesis by converting sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen | chloroplast |
| Selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells and acts as a barrier allowing some substances to enter and exit and others to not. | cell membrane aka plasma membrane |
| hard rigid outer layer of plant and fungi cells | cell wall |
| site of protein sysnthesis | ribosome |
| energy molecule | ATP |
| the fluid that surrounds the organelles inside of the cell | cytoplasm |
| organelle that that houses the genetic information (DNA) in eukaryotic cells | nucleus |
| organelle that stores water, waste, and nutrients - larger in plant cells than in animal cells | vacuole |
| organelle that contains digestive enzymes and breaks down waste and old worn-out organelles | lysosome |
| the movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration (with the concentration gradient) | diffusion |
| the movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration through a specialized channel protein (with the concentration gradient) | facilitated diffusion |
| the movement of molecules from low concentration to high concentration using energy (against the concentration gradient) | active transport |
| a membrane that allows some things to pass through and others to not is referred to as | semi-permeable |
| the movement of water from high concentration to low concentration | osmosis |
| the pressure exerted by a large vacuole in plants | turgor pressure |
| makes up the cell membrane | phospholipid bilayer and proteins |
| a charged molecule | ion |
| process in the cells that take place in the mitochondria and produces ATP | cellular respiration |
| process in the cells that occurs by converting sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen | photosynthesis |
| oxygen +glucose —> water+ carbon dioxide+ATP | cellular respiration |
| carbon dioxide + water+ sunlight —> glucose + oxygen | photosynthesis |
| monosaccharide that is produced during photosynthesis and is used to create ATP during cellular respiration | glucose (C6H12O6) |
| pigment in plants and other photosynthetic organisms that trap sunlight | chlorophyll |
| the process by which DNA is converted into mRNA | transcription |
| the process by which mRNA is converted into and amino acid sequence (protein) | translation |
| monomer of DNA and RNA, composed of a phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, and nitrogenous base | nucleotide |
| DNA and RNA are ___________ ___________ | nucleic acids |
| the monomer or building blocks of proteins | amino acids |
| amino acid sequences make up | proteins |
| three nucleotides that code for a single amino acid on a mRNA strand (ex: AUG) | codon |
| having two copies of each chromosome ( ex: human somatic cell has 46 chromosomes) | diploid |
| having one copy of each chromosome ( ex: human gamete or sex cell has 23 chromosomes) | haploid |
| during mitosis 2 ______________ daughter cells are produced | diploid |
| during meiosis 4 ______________ daughter cells are produced | haploid |
| tightly packed DNA that is condensed for cellular division | chromosome |
| chromosomes are only visible during _____ _______ | cell division |
| four haploid daughter cells are produced during | meiosis |
| two identical daughter cells are produced during | mitosis |
| haploid sperm or egg cells are called | gametes |
| diploid body cells (ex: nerve, bone, blood) are called | somatic cells |
| the process by which two haploid gametes combine to form a diploid cell | fertilization |
| biotic and abiotic factors in one area makes up a(n) | ecosystem |
| a group of organisms of the same species | population |
| all the biotic factors in one area | community |
| symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit | mutualism |
| symbiotic relationship where one organism benefit and the other is neither helped nor harmed | commensalism |
| symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits (parasite) at the expense of another (host) | parasitism |
| an organism that can produce its own food | autotroph |
| another name for autotroph | producer |
| an organism that must consume other organisms to survive | heterotroph |
| another name for heterotroph | consumer |
| non-living factor in the environment | abiotic |
| a living, or once living, factor in an environment | biotic |
| a prediction for an experiment that is testable | hypothesis |
| the group you keep unchanged to compare | control |
| organisms that can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring | species |
| the role a species plays in an ecosystem, including where it lives and what it eats | niche |
| a model, using arrows, of all the possible interconnected consumer interactions in a community | food web |
| interactions between organisms of two species, includes mutualism, and parasitism | symbiosis |
| a model of 10% energy flow through consecutive trophic levels | energy pyramid |
| an explanation for a broad problem, supported by extensive experimentation and evidence | theory |
| the change in allele frequency of a population over time | genetic variation |
| the process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce (mechanism for evolution) | natural selection |
| a genetic variation (expressed as a trait) that is favored by selection in a particular environment | adaptation |
| the number of different species in a particular area | species diversity |
| 1) the 2 alleles (ex: Ww) for a trait 2) the expression of a trait (ex: Widow's peak) | 1)genotype and 2)phenotype |
| this change in DNA (nucleotide sequence) is the original source of variation | mutation |
| ATCGACCAG—>ATCGTCCAG | point mutation |
| ATCGACCAG—>ATTCGACCAG | frameshift muatation (insertion) |
| ATCGACCAG—>ATCGACCG | frameshift muatation (deletion) |
| an ancestral species shared by two or more species as evidenced by commonalities | common ancestor |
| fossil records, anatomical homologies, DNA and protein similarities | evidence of evolution |
| the difference in alleles or genes between organisms within the gene pool of a species | genetic variation |
| CHO 1:2:1 monomer: monosaccharides function: short term energy and structure such as cell wall | carbohydrate |
| CHO monomer: glycerol and fatty acids function: long term energy storage, compose cell membrane | lipids |
| CHON monomer:amino acids acts as catalyst and building blocks of the body (ex: muscles) | proteins |
| CHONP monomer: nucleotides function: stores and expresses genetic information | nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) |
| (archaea and bacteria) a group of unicellular organisms that lack membrane -bound organelles (no nucleus, etc) | prokaryote |
| (animals, plans, fungi, etc.) organisms with complex cells and membrane-bound organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, etc.) | eukaryote |
| cells in multicellular organisms develop to have separate tasks/functions (muscle cells, red blood cells, etc.) | cell specialization/cell differentiation |
| proteins that increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the energy activation | enzyme |
| lock and key model | in order to react, the substrate (reactant) must fit into the active site of the enzyme |
| the steps of cellular respiration | glycolysis, krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), electron transport chain |
| anaerobic respiration that produces alcohol or lactic acid and 2 ATP | fermentation |
| the process of producing two identical copies of one original DNA molecule | DNA replication |
| one of two or more forms of a gene | allele |
| WW, XX | homozygous dominant alleles |
| tt, yy | homozygous recessive alleles |
| Tt, Ww, XY | heterozygous alleles |
| male and female sex chromosomes | XY and XX |
| a section of DNA in a chromosome that codes for a protein (or polypeptide) | gene |
| double sided helix made of nucleotides containing a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. Watson, Crick, Wilkins, and Franklin contributed | DNA structure |
| Chargaff's Rule | DNA : adenine =thymine, guanine =cytosine A=T C=G |
| base pair rule | DNA: A=T, C=G RNA: A=U, C=G |
| double sided, has the sugar deoxyribose and has the base thymine | DNA |
| single sided, has the sugar ribose and the base uracil | RNA |
| moves molecules, including proteins, from one part of the cell to another | endoplasmic reticulum |
| endoplasmic reticulum that is covered in ribosomes | rough ER |
| the movement of materials across the cell membrane without using energy (ATP) | passive transport |
| the process in which a cell completely surrounds a substance to move large bulky into the cell (phagocytosis) | endocytosis |
| the process in which a cell releases large bulky materials out of the cell | exocytosis |
| single unit; building block of polymer; subunit | monomer |
| made up of smaller subunits; composed of monomers | polymer |
| the tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment | homeostasis |
| inerphase, mitosis, cytokenesis | cell cycle |
| G1, S , G2 | interphase |
| part of the cell cycle when DNA is replicated | S phase (interphase) |
| division of the cytoplasm; cleavage furrow forms in animal cells; cell plate form in plant cells | cytokinesis |
| uncontrolled cell division; creates tumors that interfere with normal cell function | cancer |
| a non-living infectious agent that is composed of a protein coat (capsid) and nucleic acid (RNA or DNA); relies on a host cell to multiply | virus |
| viral reproduction cycle that ends in the lysis of the infected cell releasing the viruses that will in turn spread and infect other cells. | lytic cycle |
| viral reproduction cycle that does not lyse the host cell right away, the virus replicates as the host cell replicates. The virus can remain dormant for years. | lysogenic cycle |
| prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase | mitosis |
| tissue that carries food from the leaves to other parts of the plant | phloem |
| tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots to the leaves of the plant | xylem |
| tiny openings in the upper and lower epidermis of the leaf that allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen and water to leave | stomata |
| middle layer of leaf tissue in which photosynthesis occurs | mesophyll |
| a plant that is characterized by the presence of transport tissue | vascular plant |
| the male reproductive organs in a flower; filament, anther | stamen |
| the female reproductive organs of a flower; stigma, style, ovary, ovule | pistil |
| the relaxed form of DNA in the cell's nucleus | chromatin |
| the first phase of mitosis in which chromosomes become visible and nuclear membrane disappears | prophase |
| a phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell | metaphase |
| phase of mitosis in which sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell | anaphase |
| the final stage of mitosis during which a nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes | telophase |
| branch of science concerned with classification of organisms | taxonomy |
| named group of organisms such as phylum, genus, or species | taxon taxa (plural) |
| taxonomic ranks | domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species mnemonic to remember: dumb kids playing cards on freeways get smashed |
| used to prevent viral infections | vaccines |
| used to treat bacterial infections | antibiotics |
| amount of energy passed on from one trophic level to the next | 10% |
| binomial nomenclature is a scientific name composed of an organism's _________ and ________ | genus and species Ex: human= Homo sapian |
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