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Med. Micro
Duke PA micro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Do benefits of microbes outweigh risk of disease? | yes - more microorganisms are critical to human survival than human disease |
| normal flora | endogenous population of microorganisms that inhabit the internal and external surfaces of healthy humans |
| commensal | organism that is part of the normal flora |
| sites in body where normal flora is anaerobic | GI tract, vagina, upper respiratory tract and skin |
| pathogenicity | the ability to cause disease |
| pathogen | any organism capable of causing disease |
| strict pathogen | any organism that always causes disease |
| virulence | the degree to which an organism can cause disease |
| infection | interaction between organism and host that results in disease |
| structures | capsule, spores, endotoxin |
| antigenic proteins | exotoxins, adhesins, superantigens |
| exogenous infection | results from exposure to microbes from external environment |
| endogenous infection | results from introduction of normal flora into inappropriate sites |
| latent infection | microbe persists in host tissue without evidence of disease |
| medical microbiology | the study of interaction between humans and microorganisms especially in regard to disease |
| chronic infection | host's immune system fails to completely eradicate microbe - sustained clinical effect |
| What are the steps to infection? | acquisition, attachment, invasion, evasion of host's defenses |
| What are the steps in acquisition? | transmission, encounter |
| proteolytic enzymes | facilitate spread, damage host cells |
| non-specific immunity | innate |
| non-specific immunity | protect against all micoorganisms, not antigen specific |
| specific immunity | acquired |
| specific immunity | protect against specific antigens |
| non-specific defenses | anatomical, humoral, cellular |
| specific defenses | humoral, cellular |
| anatomical | physical barriers |
| humoral | fluid or semi-fluid |
| cellular | leukocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, dendritic cells |
| What is the first line of defense in non-specific anatomical barriers? | skin |
| What is the second anatomical line of defense in non-specific immunity? | mucous membranes |
| complement cascade | system of plasma proteins that work to resist bacterial infection |
| classical pathway | triggered by antigen-antibody complexes |
| alternative pathway | triggered by interaction with bacterial cell wall components |
| neutrophils | ingest and destroy pathogenic bacteria - "first responders" |
| macrophages | ingest and destroy all pathogenic microbes |
| natural killer cells | non-phagocytic cells that destroy and kill viruses |
| active immunity | "natural" |
| passive immunity | "artificial" |
| Who | is at risk for the disease? |
| Why | is this organism able to cause disease? |
| Where | does this organism cause disease? |
| When | is isolation of this organism important? |
| What | diagnostic tests should be performed? |
| How | is this infeciton managed? |
| Which | species and genera are important? |
Created by:
ges13
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