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Bacteria
All Microbiology Bacteria
| Name | Identification | Toxins | Disease |
|---|---|---|---|
| Staphylococcus saprophyticus | Cocci/ Gram (+)/ Catalase (+)/ Coagulase (-)/ Grape Clusters/ Grow in salt/ Present on skin & mucous membranes Encapsulate/ | None Important | Urinary Tract Infections: Especially in young, sexually active women. |
| Streptococcus pyogenes | Cocci/ Gram (+)/ Catalase (-)/ Beta-hemolytic/ Short chain colonies/ Encapsulate/ M protein/ A antigen | Exotoxin: heat-liable and act as superantigen. | Pharyngitis: in children 5-15 years old sore throat, fever, malaise, headache. / Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: Fever, hypotension, shock/ Rheumatic fever: Complication of pharyngitis. Erythematous rash. Inflammation of heart, joints, blood ves |
| Streptococcus agalactiae | Cocci/ Gram (+)/ Catalase (-)/ Beta-hemolytic/ Short chain colonies/ Encapsulate/ Transplacental | None Important | Meningitis in newborn: Develops between 1 week and 3 months of age./ Meningitis in elderly & immunocompromised |
| Streptococcus viridans | Cocci/ Gram (+)/ Catalase (-)/ Alpha-hemolytic/ Short chain colonies/ Encapsulate | None Important | Dental caries and subacute endocarditis. |
| Streptococcus pneumonia | Cocci/ Gram (+)/ Catalase (-)/ Alpha-hemolytic/ Lancet-shaped diplococci/ Encapsulate | None Important | Pneumonia: Bacteria multiply in alveolar spaces with productive cough in lower lobes of the lungs. Abrupt, sustained fever/ Otitis Media/ Sinusitis/ Meningitis: common in adults or children. High mortality if untreated. |
| Enterococcus faecalis | Cocci/ Gram (+)/ Catalase (-)/ Gamma-hemolytic/ Grow in salt/ Normal GI flora/ VRE (vencomycin resistance) | None Important | Catheter-associated urinary tract infection: Especially for those receiving broad spectrum antibiotics/ Spesis/ Endocarditis |
| Enterococcus faecium | Cocci/ Gram (+)/ Catalase (-)/ Gamma-hemolytic/ Grow in salt/ Normal GI flora/ VRE (vencomycin resistance) | None Important | Catheter-associated urinary tract infection: Especially for those receiving broad spectrum antibiotics/ Spesis/ Endocarditis |
| Neisseria meningitidis | Cocci/ Gram (-)/ Oxidase (+)/ Catalyse (+)/ Diplococci/ Maltose fermenter/ Encapsulation/ Pili antigenic variation | Lipooligosaccharide (LOS): Has lipid A and core, but lacks O-antigen. Lipid A expresses endotoxin activity. IgA protease: Cleaves IgA and creates immunologically inactive Fc beta-lactamases that degrade penicillin | Meningitis: Respiratory droplets among people in prolonged close contact. Highest for those who live in close populations (military, prisons, dorms)/ Sepsis/ Bronchopneumonia |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae | Cocci/ Gram (-)/ Oxidase (+)/ Catalyse (+)/ Diplococci/ Glucose fermenter/ Pili antigenic variation | Lipooligosaccharide (LOS): Has lipid A and core, but lacks O-antigen. Lipid A expresses endotoxin activity. IgA protease: Cleaves IgA and creates immunologically inactive Fc beta-lactamases that degrade penicillin | Gonorrhea: Second most common STD. Asymptomatic in 50% women, but seen as vaginal discharge, dysuria, abdominal pain. Symptomatic in 90% of men as purulent urethral discharge, dysuria./ Purulent arthritis/ Purulent conjunctivitis: in newborns. |
| Moraxella catarrhalis | Cocci/ Gram (-)/ Oxidase (+)/ Catalyse (+)/ Normal RT UG flora | beta-lactamases that degrade penicillin | Otitis Media/ Sinusitis/ Bronchitis/ Pneumonia |
| Enterobacteriaceae | Rods/ Gram (-)/ Catalase (+)/ Oxidase (-)/ Glucose fermenter/ Encapsulate | Endotoxin (LPS): lipid A component triggers release of cytokines causing leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, fever, decreased peripheral circulation, shock. | |
| Enterotoxigenic escherichia coli | Rods/ Gram (-)/ Enterobacteriaceae/ CRE (Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae) | Enterotoxins of heat-labile toxins (A-B toxin & increase cAMP levels causing watery diarrhea) and heat stable toxins (Increase cGMP causing hypersecretion of fluids) | Traveler's Diarrhea: Develops after 1-2 day incubation and persists for 3-5 days./ UTI/ Neonatal Meningitis |
| Enteropathogenic escherichia coli | Rods/ Gram (-)/ CRE (Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae) | Bacterial attachment to epithelial cells of small intestine followed by active secretion of proteins into the host epithelial cell resulting in loss of cell surface integrity and cell death. | Infant Diarrhea; In developing countries seen as watery diarrhea, fever, vomiting./ UTI/ Neonatal Meningitis |
| Enteroaggregative escherichia coli | Rods/ Gram (-)/ Enterobacteriaceae/ CRE (Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae) | Enteroaggregative heat stable toxin causing fluid secretion | Infant Diarrhea/ UTI/ Neonatal Meningitis |
| Enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli | Rods/ Gram (-)/ Enterobacteriaceae/ Most common strain is O157:H7/ CRE (Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae) | Shiga toxin: A-B toxin where B binds to intestinal and renal endothelial cells. A subunit causes cessation of protein synthesis. | Gastroenteritis: bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain. 3-4 days incubation 4-10 days until resolution. Hemolytic uremic syndrome: In infected children under 10. Destruction of glomerular endothelial cells./ UTI/ Neonatal Meningitis |
| Enteroinvasive escherichia coli | Rods/ Gram (-)/ Enterobacteriaceae/ CRE (Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae) | None Important | Dysentery-like diarrhea: Mucous and blood in stool caused by bacteria invading colonic epithelial cells and cause epithelial cell destruction, inflammation and ulceration./ UTI/ Neonatal Meningitis |
| Salmonella enteritidis | Rods/ Gram (-)/ Enterobacteriaceae/ Most common in the US | Toxin stimulates cAMP and active fluid secretion. | Gastroenteritis: Consumption of contaminated poultry, eggs, diary products. 6-48 hours after infection and last 2-7 days. Nausea, vomiting, nonbloody diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps, myalgias, headache |
| Salmonella typhi | Rods/ Gram (-)/ Enterobacteriaceae/ Survive in the gallbladder/ Typhoid Mary | None Important | Typhoid fever: Rose spots & high fever of 103-104 after 10-14 days of infection. Persists for 1 or more weeks followed by gastrointestinal symptoms. |
| Salmonella paratyphi | Rods/ Gram (-)/ Enterobacteriaceae/ Survive in the gallbladder | None Important | Paratyphoid fever: Milder febrile illness. |
| Shigella dysenteriae | Rods/ Gram (-)/ Enterobacteriaceae/ Non-motile/ Not lactose fermenter/ Actin tail-mediated cell-to-cell spread/ 100-200 bacteria can establish disease | Shiga toxin: A-B toxin where B binds to intestinal and renal endothelial cells. A subunit causes cessation of protein synthesis. | Bacterial dysentery: Infectious characterized by inflammation of intestine, abdominal pain, and diarrhea with stools containing blood and mucus/ HUS |
| Shigella sonnei | Rods/ Gram (-)/ Enterobacteriaceae/ Non-motile/ Not lactose fermenter/ Actin tail-mediated cell-to-cell spread/ 100-200 bacteria can establish disease | Shiga toxin: A-B toxin where B binds to intestinal and renal endothelial cells. A subunit causes cessation of protein synthesis. | Predominant in industralized countries./ Inflammatory diarrhea that is watery or classic dysentery. |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | Rods/ Gram (-)/ Enterobacteriaceae/ Encapsulate/ Weakened immune system/ Mucoid appearance/ CRE (Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae) | None Important | Pneumonia: Destruction of alveolar spaces, formation of cavities, production of blood tinged sputum./ Sepsis/ Meningitis/ UTIs |
| Proteus mirabilis | Rods/ Gram (-)/ Enterobacteriaceae/ Urease (+) | None Important | Kidney stones/ Bladder infection/ Cystitis/ Kidney infection |
| Yersinia enterocolitica | Rods/ Gram (-)/ Enterobacteriaceae | None Imporant | Food poisoning: Fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea (often bloody) |
| Serratia marcescens | Rods/ Gram (-)/ Enterobacteriaceae/ Red colony | None Important | UTI/ Pneumonia/ Bacteremia |
| Vibrio cholerae | Comma-shaped rod/ Gram (-)/ Oxidase (+) | Cholera Toxin: A-B toxin where A subunit is internalized and increases intracellular cAMP causing hypersecretion of water and electrolytes | Cholera: spread by contaminated water and food. Rice-water stools, vomiting. |
| Vibrio parahaemolyticus | Comma-shaped rod/ Gram (-)/ Oxidase (+)/ beta-hemolytic/ Require salt for growth (Halophilic) | TDH: Heat-stable enterotoxin which induces chloride ion secretion in epithelial cells by increasing intracellular calcium | Bacteria gastroenteritis: Self-limited diarrhea to a mild, cholera-like illness. Explosive watery diarrhea. |
| Vibrio vulnificus | Comma-shaped rod/ Gram (-)/ Oxidase (+)/ Require salt for growth (Halophilic) | Cytolytic toxins that cause tissue necrosis | Wound infections and most common cause of vibrio septicemia |
| Campylobacter jejuni | Comma-shaped rod/ Gram (-)/ Oxidase (+)/ Catalase (+)/ Microaerophilic/ Grow at 42 C NOT 25 C | None Important | Consumption of undercooked pultry, unpasteurized milk, contaminated water. Most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the US. Complication can be Guillain-Barre syndrome. |
| Campylobacter fetus | Comma-shaped rod/ Gram (-)/ Oxidase (+)/ Catalase (+)/ Microaerophilic Grow at 25 C NOT 42 C | None Important | Septicemia, meningitis, abscesses, gastroenteritis. |
| Helicobacter pylori | Spiral rods/ Gram (-)/ Urease (+)/ Catalase (+)/ Oxidase (+)/ Microaerophilic | Blockage of acid production by a bacterial acid-inhibitory protein. | Gastritis/ Peptic ulcers/ Gastric adenocarcinoma/ Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue B-cell lymphomas. |
| Haemophilus influenza type b | Rods/ Gram (-) | None Important | Meningits: most common cause of pediatric meningitis/ Epiglottitis: can progress rapidly to obstruction of the airway and death/ |
| Haemophilus ducreyi | Rods/ Gram (-) | None Important | Canchroid: STD, Painful lesion accompanied by inguinal lymphadenopathy. |
| Bordetella pertussis | Rods/ Gram (-) | Pertussis toxin: A-B toxin that leads to increased cAMP levels which causes increased respiratory secretions and mucus production in lungs. | Whooping cough: Highly contagious. -> Catarrhal Stage where peak bacteria are produced & contageous -> Parxysmal stage where there is whooping -> Convalescent stage with general coughing and malaise |
| Legionella pneumophilia | Rods/ Gram (-)/ Catalase (+)/ Oxidase (-)/ Intracellular bacteria/ seen in silver stain | None Important | Air conditioning cooling towers, condensers, and water systems. Exposure by contaminated aerosols. Parasitize free-living amoeba./ Pontiac Fever: Self-limiting febrile flu-like disease/ Legionnaires disease: High fever, pneumonia, GIT, CNS, kidneys |
| Francisella tularensis | Rods/ Gram (-)/ Capsule/ Carried by rabbits/ Intracellular pathogen | None Important | Tularemia: Skin lesion accompanied by lymphadenopathy and bacteremia. Possibly conjunctivitis and regional lymphadenopathy. Rarely and lethally in the lungs. |
| Brucella melitensis | Rods/ Gram (-)/ Catalase (+)/ Oxidase (+)/ Faculative intracellular bacteria | None Important | Brucellois: Undulant fever, sepsis, granulomas or abscesses. |
| Yersinia pestis | Prolonged storage at 4 C can selective enhance isolation. | None Important | Bubonic plague: High fever, painful bubo, bacteremia develops rapidly 75% mortality if not treated./ Pneumonic plague: Fever, malaise, pulmonary signs. This one is highly infectious and 90% morbid if untreated. |
| Bartonella henselae | Rods/ Gram (-)/ Animal reservoir in cats. | None Important | Cat scratch disease: Regional lymphadenopathy, fever, fatigue, headache, and malaise. |
| Pasteurella multocida | Rods/ Gram (-)/ Catalase (+)/ Oxidase (+)/ Found in mouth of cats and dogs | None Important | Skin and soft tissue infections/ Cellulitis and abscesses/ Sepsis |
| Bacillus anthracis | Rods/ Gram (+)/ Spores/ Encapsulation | Edema toxin: Protective Antigen + Edema factor which increases intracellular cAMP resulting in edema/ Lethal toxin: Protective Antigen + Lethal factor which cleaves MAP kinase leads to cell death. | Anthrax inoculation: Acquired through skin abrasions and is characterized by local inflammatory necrotic lesions./ Gastrointestinal anthrax: Rare but fatal/ Inhalation anthrax: Rapid and massive edema in the chest followed by CV shock & death |
| Bacillus cereus | Rods/ Gram (+)/ Spores/ Encapsulation | Heat stable enterotoxin causing vomiting form/ Heat-liable enterotoxin causing diarrhea form. | Vomiting disease: consumption of contaminated rice seen by vomiting, nausea, abdominal cramps./ Diarrheal disease: true infection, lasts longer than 1 day, diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps. |
| Clostridium perfringens | Rods/ Gram (+)/ Spores/ Anaerobic metabolism/ beta-hemolysis | Exotoxins: alpha-toxin cleaves phospholipid of cell mebmrane leading to lysis./ Enerotoxin: super antigen, heat-labile. | Gas gangrene: Gas formation due to metabolic activity of the rapidly dividing bacteria. Very foul smelling./ Gastroenteritis: abdominal cramps and watery diarrhea with no fever, nausea, or vomiting./ Necrotizing enteritis: beta-toxin caused |
| Clostridium tetani | Rods/ Gram (+)/ Spores/ Anaerobic metabolism | Heat-labile neurotoxin: A-B toxin that inhibits the release of inhibitory GABA neurotransmitters | Tetanus: lockjaw, persistent back spasm. |
| Clostridium botulinum | Rods/ Gram (+)/ Spores/ Anaerobic metabolism | Botulinum toxin: A-B toxin inactivates the proteins that regulate the release of acetylcholine. | Foodborne botulism: descending weakness of peripheral muscles./ Infant botulism: floppy baby syndrome |
| Clostridium difficile | Rods/ Gram (+)/ Spores/ Anaerobic metabolism | Toxin A: Enterotoxin causes inflammation/ Toxin B: Cytotoxin that destroys cellular cytoskeleton. | Pseudomembranous colitis: Overgrowth of bacteria in the gut following antibiotic therapy. Diarrhea, toxic megacolon. |
| Prevotella melaninogenica | ??? | ??? | Infection caused by human bite. |
| Listeria monocytogens | Rod/ Gram (+)/ Catalase (+)/ Oxidase (-)/ Growth in high conc. salt./ beta-hemolysis/ faculative intracellular pathogen | None Important | Infection by eating contaminated food./ Pregnet women are 20 times more likely to get it. Sepsis & fetus infection. Neonatal listeriosis: meningitis, sepsis |
| Cyanobacterium diphtheriae | Rod/ Gram (+)/ Catalase (+)/ club or v-shaped/ Elek test | Diptheria toxin: A-B exotoxin where A subunit passes through the endosomal membrane into the cytosol and inhibits protein synthesis. | Diptheria: upper respiratory tract illness with sore throat, low fever, and pesudomembrane on the tonsils & pharynx. Bull's neck. Highly contagious |
| Nocardia | Rods/ Gram (+)/ acid-fast (+) | None Important | Pulmonary Nocardiosis: immunocompromised patients devlop pneumonia with cavitation and CNS dissemination Cutaneous Infections: primary infection in subcuaneous tissues, secondary are cutaneous |
| Actinomyces | Rods/ Gram (+)/ Resemble fungi/ Normal oral flora but not present on the skin surface | None Important | Actinomycosis: characterized by the development of chronic sulfur granulomatous lesions, become suppurative, form abscesses connected by sinus tracts. |
| Propionibacterium | ??? | None Important | Acne/ Opportunistic infections |
| Pseudomonas | Rods/ Gram (-)/ Oxidase (+) Encapsulation | Exotoxin A disrupts protein synthesis/ Produce beta-lactamases | Pneumonia (Cystic fibrosis common)/ Burn wound infections |
| Mycobacteria tuberculosis | Rods/ Gram (+)/ Acid-fast/ Slow growth/ Leading death cause in HIV | Complex, lipid-rich mycolic acid cell wall making surface slippery and hard for phagocyte to eat. | Tuberculosis: 4 Stages -> Immediate clearance, latent infection, primary active disease, secondary reactivated disease |
| Mycobacteria leprae | Rods/ Gram (+)/ Acid-fast/ Slow growth | Complex, lipid-rich mycolic acid cell wall making surface slippery and hard for phagocyte to eat. | Tuberculoid leprosy: Strong cellular immune reaction with many lymphocytes and granulomas present in the tissues./ Lepromatous leprosy: Strong antibody resistance but defect in cellular response to antigens. Most infectious form of leprosy. |
| Borrelia burgdoferi | Spirochetes/ Gram (-)/ Tick-borne | None Important | Lyme disease: Erythematous cutaneous lesion then arthritis. Antigens cross react with self-antigens. Hard ticks |
| Treponema pallidum | Spirochetes/ Gram (-)/ Darkfield microscopy/ Extreme liable | None Important | Syphilis: Primary phase is a painless chanchre (which is highly infectious). Secondary phase is marked by skin lesions over entire body surface. Late phase involves all tissues./ Congenital can be given transplacentally |
| Leptospira interrrogans | Spirochetes/ Gram (-)/ Hook shaped at one or both ends | None Important | Multiply and damage the endothelium of small blood vessels/ Meningitis/ Renal and hepatic failure, extensive vasculitis, myocarditis |
| Borrelia recurrentis | Spirochetes/ Gram (-)/ Louse-borne | None Important | Relapsing fever: Febrile illness with recurrent episodes of fever and septicemia. Epidemic can be spread person to person by lice & endemic is spread by soft ticks. |
| Chlamydia trachomatis | Super small/ Gram (-)/ No peptidoglycan layer | None Important | Trachoma: leading cause of preventable blindness. Primarily in children./ Urogenital infection STD. Women asymptomatic. Men symptomatic |
| Chlamydophila psittaci | Super small/ Gram (-)/ No peptidoglycan layer | None Important | Psittacosis: respiratory tract infection, walking pneumonia |
| Chlamydophila pneumoniae | Super small/ Gram (-)/ No peptidoglycan layer | None Important | Atypical pneumonia: walking pneumonia. |
| Rickettsia rickettsii | Rods/ Gram (-)/ Obligate intracellular bacteria/ arthropod vectors | None Important | Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Bite of infected tick, damage to blood vessels and vasculitis seen as a rash (petechial lesions) |
| Rickettsia prowazekii | Rods/ Gram (-)/ Obligate intracellular bacteria/ arthropod vectors | None Important | Louse borne typhus: Sudden onset of chills, fever, headache, prostration, and other influenza-like symptoms. Death occurs from peripheral vascular collapse or from bacterial pneumonia |
| Rickettsia typhi | Rods/ Gram (-)/ Obligate intracellular bacteria/ arthropod vectors | None Important | Typhus: Sudden onset of chills, fever, headache, prostration, and other influenza-like symptoms. Death occurs from peripheral vascular collapse or from bacterial pneumonia |
| Ehrlichia | Cocci/ Gram (-)/ No LPS or peptidoglycan/ Tick is primary vector | None Important | Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis: Infects blood monocytes and mononuclear phagocytes. Develop high fever, rash. 1-2 weeks after tick bite. Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. |
| Anaplasma | Cocci/ Gram (-)/ No LPS or peptidoglycan/ Tick is primary vector | None Important | Human anaplasmosis: Infects granulocytes leads to flulike illness and leukopenia and thrombocytopenia |
| Coxiella burnetii | Replicate in phagosomes of infected cells./ Animal reservoir | None Important | Q fever: acute febrile disease, walking pneumonia. Chronic disease |
| Mycoplasma | Do NOT have a cell wall./ Membrane contains sterols./ Transmitted via respiratory droplets/ No invasion | Function as superantigen | Tracheobronchitis and pneumonia because it inhibits ciliary motion and destroys mucosa. Dry cough walking pneumonia. |
| Staphylococcus aureus | Cocci/ Gram (+)/ Catalase (+)/ Coagulase (+)/ Grape Clusters/ Grow in salt/ Present on skin & mucous membranes/ Encapsulate/ MRSA/ Biofilm | Exfoliative Toxin: breaks desmosomes holding epithelial cells together/ Enterotoxin A: Heat-stable causes intoxication rather than infection esp. ham&pork/ Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1: heat and proteolysis-resistant exotoxin superantigen | Scalded skin syndrome (Exfoliative Toxin): Peeling skin / Food Poisoning (Enterotoxin A): Severe vomiting and watery diarrhea lasting 24 hrs/ Toxic shock syndrome (Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1): Fever, hypotension, and shock/ |
| Staphylococcus epidermidis | Cocci/ Gram (+)/ Catalase (+)/ Coagulase (-)/ Grape Clusters/ Grow in salt/ Present on skin & mucous membranes Encapsulate/ | None Important | Endocarditis: Biofilm attaches to artificial valve and slowly closes it or separates it at suture line/ Catheter infection: Biofilm attaches to catheter and protects it/ Prosthetic Joint Infection |
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