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Chapter 9 Vocab
Term | Definition |
---|---|
restriction enzyme | an enzyme that cuts double-stranded DNA in fragments by recognizing specific nucleotide sequences and cutting the DNA at those sequences |
gel electrophoresis | method of separating various lengths of DNA stand by applying an electrical current to a gel |
restriction map | diagram that shows the lengths of fragments between the restriction sites in the strand of DNA |
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | method of increasing the quantity of DNA by separating it into two strands and adding primers and enzymes |
primer | a short, single-stranded fragment of DNA or RNA that is required for the initiation of DNA replication |
DNA fingerprint | a pattern of DNA characteristics that is unique, or nearly so, to an individual organism |
clone | an organism, cell, or piece of genetic material that is genetically identical to one from which it was derived; to make a genetic duplicate |
genetic engineering | a technology in which the genome of a living cell is modified for medical or industrial use |
recombinant DNA | DNA molecules that are artificially created by combining DNA from different sources |
plasmid | a genetic structure that can replicate independently of the main chromosome(s) of a cell; usually, a circular DNA molecule in bacteria (prokaryotes) |
transgenic | organism whose genome has been altered to contain one or more genes from another organism or species |
gene knockout | genetic manipulation in which one or more of an organism's genes are prevented from being expressed |
genomics | the study of entire genomes, especially by using technology to compare genes within and between species |
gene sequencing | process of determining the order of DNA nucleotides in genes and genomes |
Human Genome Project | a research effort to sequence and locate the entire collection of genes in human cells |
bioinformatics | the application of information technologies in biology, especially in genetics |
DNA microarray | research tool used to study gene expression |
proteomics | study and comparison of all the proteins produced by an organism's genome |
genetic screening | process of testing DNA to determine the chance a person has, or might pass on, a genetic disorder |
gene therapy | a technique that places a gene into a cell to correct a hereditary disease or to improve the genome |