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Biology chapt 5
Biology chapter 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| fluid -mosaic model | Model for the plasma membrane based on the changing location and pattern of protein molecules in a fluid phospholipid bilayer. |
| glycolipid | Lipid in plasma membranes that contains an attached carbohydrate chain; assembled in the Golgi apparatus. |
| glycoprotein | Protein in plasma membranes that has an attached carbohydrate chain; assembled in the Golgi apparatus. |
| channel protein | Protein that forms a channel to allow a particular molecule or ion to cross the plasma membrane. |
| carrier protein | Protein in the plasma membrane that combines with and transports a molecule or an ion across the plasma membrane. |
| cell recognition protein | Glycoproteins in the plasma membrane that identify self and help the body defend itself against pathogens. |
| receptor protein | Proteins located in the plasma membrane or within the cell; bind to a substance that alters some metabolic aspect of the cell. |
| enzymatic protein | Protein that catalyzes a specific reaction; may be found in the plasma membrane or the cytoplasm of the cell. |
| junction protein | Protein in the cell membrane that assists in cell-to-cell communication. |
| selectively permeable | Property of the plasma membrane that allows some substances to pass but prohibits the movement of others. |
| concentration gradient | Gradual change in chemical concentration between two areas of differing concentrations. |
| aquaporin | Channel protein through which water can diffuse across a membrane. |
| bulk transport | Movement of substances, usually large particles, across the plasma membrane using vesicles. |
| diffusion | Movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher to lower concentration; it requires no energy and tends to lead to an equal distribution (equilibrium). |
| solution | Fluid (the solvent) that contains a dissolved solid (the solute). |
| solute | Substance that is dissolved in a solvent, forming a solution. |
| solvent | Liquid portion of a solution that dissolves a solute. |
| osmosis | Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. |
| osmotic pressure | Measure of the tendency of water to move across a selectively permeable membrane; visible as an increase in liquid on the side of the membrane with higher solute concentration. |
| isotonic solution | Solution that is equal in solute concentration to that of the cytoplasm of a cell; causes cell to neither lose nor gain water by osmosis |
| tonicity | The structure that transmits the genetic material from one generation to the next; composed of condensed chromatin; each species has a particular number of chromosomes that is passed on to the next generation. |
| hypotonic solution | Solution that contains a lower-solute (more water) concentration than the cytoplasm of a cell; causes cell to gain water by osmosis. |
| Hemolysis | Is the term used to describe cytolysis in red blood cells. |
| turgor pressure | Pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall; in plant cells, determined by the water content of the vacuole; provides internal support. |
| hypertonic solution | Higher-solute concentration (less water) than the cytoplasm of a cell; causes cell to lose water by osmosis. |
| crenation | In animal cells, shriveling of the cell due to water leaving the cell when the environment is hypertonic. |
| plasmolysis | Contraction of the cell contents due to the loss of water. |
| facilitated transport | Passive transfer of a substance into or out of a cell along a concentration gradient by a process that requires a protein carrier. |
| active transport | Use of a plasma membrane carrier protein to move a molecule or an ion from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration; it opposes equilibrium and requires energy. |
| sodium-potassium pump | Carrier protein in the plasma membrane that moves sodium ions out of and potassium ions into cells; important in the function of nerve and muscle cells in animals. |
| exocytosis | Process in which an intracellular vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, so that the vesicle’s contents are released outside the cell. |
| endocytosis | Process by which substances are moved into the cell from the environment; includes phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis. |
| phagocytosis | Process by which cells engulf large substances, forming an intracellular vacuole. |
| pinocytosis | Process by which vesicle formation brings macromolecules into the cell. |
| receptor-mediated endocytosis | Selective uptake of molecules into a cell by vacuole formation after they bind to specific receptor proteins in the plasma membrane. |
| extracellular matrix (ECM) | Nonliving substance secreted by some animal cells; is composed of protein and polysaccharides. |
| adhesion junction | Junction between cells in which the adjacent plasma membranes do not touch but are held together by intercellular filaments attached to buttonlike thickenings. |
| tight junction | Junction between cells when adjacent plasma membrane proteins join to form an impermeable barrier. |
| gap junction | Junction between cells formed by the joining of two adjacent plasma membranes; it lends strength and allows ions, sugars, and small molecules to pass between cells. |
| cell wall | Cellular structure that surrounds a plant, protistan, fungal, or bacterial cell and maintains the cell’s shape and rigidity; composed of polysaccharides. |
| plasmodesmata | In plants, cytoplasmic connections in the cell wall that connect two adjacent cells. |
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Haleyannestes
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