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Ch. 3 Prokaryotes
Microbiology Dr. Cooper
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| two groups that are classified as prokaryotes | bacteria and archaea |
| Bacteria(ium) specific name to the Bacteria | |
| common features of prokaryotes | lack internal membrane systems (exceptions); plasma (cell membrane; cell wall; cytoplasm; layers outside the cell wall |
| most common shapes of prokaryotes | rods and cocci |
| cocci | spherical |
| diplococci | two spherical cells |
| streptococci | chain of cocci |
| staphylococci | cluster "grape-like" of cocci |
| tetrads | squares of four cells |
| sarcinae | packet of eight cells (cubical) |
| bacilli | rod shaped cells |
| streptobacillus | chain of rods |
| coccobacilli | very short rods |
| vibrio | curved, comma like rods |
| spirilla | rigid helices |
| spirochetes | flexible helices |
| network of long, multinucleate filaments | mycelium |
| organisms that are variable in shape | pleomorphic |
| point of contact with cells environment; requirement for living; high protein content; fulfills functions or organelles usually associated with eukaryotic cells | plasma membranes |
| what are the functions of the plasma membrane? | encompasses the cytoplasm; selectively permeable barrier; interacts with external environment |
| how does the plasma membrane interact with the environment? | receptors respond to chemicals; transport systems; and respiration, photosynthesis, lipid and cell-wall biosynthesis |
| peripheral membrane proteins | loosely connected to membrane and easily removed |
| integral plasma membrane | carry out important functions; amphipathic (embedded in membrane) |
| bacterial membranes lack sterols but contain a sterol-like molecules called what? | hopanoids |
| what are hopanoids | stabilize membrane and are found in petroleum |
| required in significant amounts and the lack of can limit growth | macroelements |
| examples of macroelements | C,O,H,N,S,P |
| required in minute amounts; usually do not limit growth | microelements |
| examples of microelements | Mn, Zn, Co, Mo, Ni, Cu |
| what are the three types of growth factor | amino acids, purines and pyrimidines, and vitamins |
| small organic compounds that make up all or part or enzyme cofactors | vitamins |
| molecules move freely from and area of high concentration to low due to random thermal energy | passive diffusion |
| the use of special transport proteins (permeases) to move larger molecules from high to low ; no energy required | facilitated transport |
| type of transport protein; CHANNEL | form pores through the membrane for molecules to pass |
| type of transport proteins; CARRIERS | active transport in which molecules transported across membrane |
| all permeases are bound with molecules | saturated process (facilitated diffusion) |
| energy dependent in which molecules are moved against conc. gradient; requires membrane bound carrier protein; input of ATP | active transport |
| driven by ATP hydrolysis; uniporter process(moves a single molecule); ABC transporters common; solute binding protein that binds the molecule then interacts with transporter protein | primary active transport |
| ion gradient driven; 3 types: uniport (single molecule), symport(same direction), and antiport (opposite direction) | secondary active transport |
| energy dependent system; molecules are chemically altered; prokaryotes and not eukaryotes | group translocations |
| iron binding molecule that help microbes (pro and eukaryotic) uptake iron. | siderophores |
| once iron is reduced to ferrous the siderophore is recycled | true |
| two types of siderophores | hydroxamates and phenolates-catecholates |
| rigid structure that lies outside the cell membrane | bacterial cell wall |
| functions of the bacterial cell wall | maintain shape; protect cell from osmotic lysis; protect from toxic materials; pathogenicity; site for action of antibiotics |
| stained purple and has a thick layer of peptidoglycan | Gram positive |
| stain pink or red and has a thin layer or peptidoglycan | Gram negative |
| what determines if the cell is Gram positive or negative | the cell wall |
| mesh like polymer of identical subunits forming long strands; helical; cross linked by peptides for strength | peptidoglycan |
| found in Gram positive; maintain cell envelope; bind to host cells; protects from environment | teichoic acid |
| between plasma membrane and cell wall and is smaller than that found in Gram neg bacteria; few proteins | periplasmic space |
| Gram negative bacterial cell wall | complex; thin layer of peptidoglycan; composed of lipids, lipoproteins, and no teichoic acids |
| part of the cell wall outter membrane; three parts: lipid A, O side chain, and core polysaccharide | lipopolysaccharide LPS |
| LPS functions | neg. charge on cell surface, stablabize outter membrane, permeable barrier, protection from host defenses, act as endo toxcin |
| Gram Stain mechanism on Gram positive cells | decolorization causes shrinkage of pores prevent the loss of crystal violet |
| Gram stain mechanism on Gram negative cells | decolorization causes partly dissolved membrane and and does not prevent the loss of crystal violet |
| solute concentration outside cell is less than inside cell; water moves into cell, swells, and cell wall protects from lysis | hypotonic environments |
| solute concentration outside cell is greater than inside; water leaves cell, plasmolysis occurs | hypertonic environments |
| layer consisting of a network of polysaccharides that may aid in attachment to solid surfaces | glycocalyx |
| resistant to phagocytosis, protect from digestion, well organized, | capsule |
| similar to capsules except diffuse, unorganized and easily removed, aid in motility | slime layer |
| made of proteins not peptidoglycan, a sheath, | S-layers |
| plasma membrane and everything within | protoplast |
| material bounded by the plasma membrane (cytoskeleton, intracytoplasmix membranes, inclusions, ribosomes, nucleoid and plasmids) | cytoplasm |
| FtsZ | found in many bacteria, forms rings during septum formation in cell division |
| found in many rods, helps maintain shape by positioning peptidoglycan synthesis machinery | Mre/MBI |
| helps maintain shape of particular bacteria | CreS |
| organic and inorganic material stored for future use in the cell | inclusions |
| What do inclusions store? | nutrients, metabolic end products, energy, building blocks, carbon, phosphate, amino acids |
| found in aquatic bacteria, magnetic field | magnetsosomes |
| ribososmes of bacterial cells | smaller than eukaryotic, consist of protein and RNA, sites for protein synthesis |
| chromosomes located here | nucleoid |
| nucleoid is not membrane bound | true |
| what coils the Chromosome | RNA and non-histone proteins |
| extrachromosomal DNA, typically small, closed circular DNA molecules | plasmids |
| short hair like appendages, used for attachment to surfaces, not involved in motility | fimbriae |
| not involved in motility, similar to fimbriae (synonyms) hollow tubes of protein subunit, required for bacteria mating | pili |
| long, slender rigid structures used for motility | flagella |
| located at the polar end | monotrichous |
| located at both polar ends | amphitrichous |
| multiple flagella at one end | lophotrichous |
| surround the whole surface | peritrichous |
| flagella 3 parts: | filament, basal body. hook |
| filament of a flagella | hollow tube of protein |
| basal body of a flagella | embedded in membrane |
| hook of flagella | links filament to basal body |
| flagella flow toward food stuffs and away from harmful things | chemotaxis |
| usually involves bacteria with peritichous flagella that also secrete molecules that help movement across a surface | swarming |
| multiple flagella form axial fibril, coorckscrew, flaxing and spinning movements, move through water | spirochete motility |
| resistant dormant structure formed by some gram positive bacteria, highly resistant to heat, UV light, Gamma radiation, Disinfectants, desiccation | bacterial endospores |
| still do not know hwy endospores are so resistant | true |
| how do endospores come to be | growth ceases due to lack of nutrients, 10 hours, seven stages, |
| activation, germination, outgrowth | 3 steps to go from endospore to vegatative cell |
Created by:
aljayne
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