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Organismal
Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species | Phylogeny |
| The discipline of ________ classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships | systematics |
| What is the ordered division and naming of organisms | Taxonomy |
| What are groups that share an immediate common ancestor | Sister taxa |
| What is a group of species that include an ancestral species and all its descendants | Clade |
| What is a species or group of species that is closely related to the ingroup, the various species being studied | outgroup |
| The tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events (appearances of shared derived characters) is the most likely. What is this called? | maximum parsimony |
| Given "rules" about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events. What is this principle called? | maximum likelihood |
| What is the process in which a unicellular organism engulfs other cells | endosymbiosis |
| The process in which an unicellular organism who has already undergone endosymbiosis, does the same again down the line | secondary endosymbiosis |
| Fungi consists of ________, which are networks of branched hyphae adapted for absorption | mycelia |
| Most fungi have cell walls made of ________ | chitin |
| Which fungi lack septa that allows cell-to-cell movement ? | Coenocytic fungi |
| Fungi use what for reproduction ? | pheromones |
| Which fungi form sheaths of hyphae over a root and also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex | Ectomycorrhizal fungi |
| Which fungi extend hyphae through the cell walls of root cells and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrane | Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi |
| ______________ and _____________ are unique to animals | Nervous and muscle tissue |
| What is the rapid cell division that a zygote undergoes | cleavage |
| Forming a grastrula with different layers of embryonic tissues is called: | gastrulation |
| What was the earliest fossil appearance of many major groups of extant crittters caused by | Cambrian explosion |
| What is the germ layer that covers the embryo's surface | Ectoderm |
| What is the innermost germ layer that lines the developing digestive tube | Endoderm |
| What is the developing digestive tube called | archenteron |
| What type of animals have both ectoderm and endoderm tissue layers | diploblastic |
| What are cnidarians and comb jellies an example of | diploblastic animals |
| These have no body cavity surrounding the gut | Acoelomates |
| These have a body cavity that is not lined by peritoneum (thin membrane) | Pseudocoelomates |
| What is an example of a pseudocoelomate | nematodes |
| These have a body cavity lined by a peritoneum | Eucoelomates |
| These people use fossil, molecular, and genetic data to infer evolutionary relationships | Systematists |
| What is the taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy | Taxon |
| These are hypotheses about evolutionary relationships | phylogenetic trees |
| What is similarity due to shared ancestry | Homology |
| What is similarity due to convergent evolution | Analogy |
| This assumes constant changes | ML |
| This allows for rapid changes and slow periods | MP |
| DNA that codes for rRNA changes relatively _______ and is useful for investigating branching points hundreds of millions of years ago | slowly |
| This is the least variable gene in all cells | rRNA |
| _________ evolves rapidly and can be used to explore recent evolutionary events | mtDNA |
| When did the HIV strain spread to humans | 1930s |
| This has crossed over from chimpanzees and sooty mangabeys to humans at least eleven times, giving rise to several HIV lineages | SIV |
| What two SIVs trace back to an SIV that infected red-capped mangabeys and in greater spot-nosed monkeys | SIV-AGM & SIVMM |
| This strain passed into humans around 1940 and the other in 1945 | HIV-2 (A and B) |
| The HIV virus originated where ? | Guinea-Bissau |
| Where did the zika virus originate from | Ziika Forest, Uganda |
| When did the zika virus have a narrow belt spread in Africa | 1950s-2007 |
| when did the zika virus have a westward spread | 2007-2015 |
| When did the outbreak in South America began that brought zika to the United States | 2015-2016 |
| What three-domain systems have recently been adopted | Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya |
| This causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans (PAM) | Naegleria fowleri (Excavata) |
| This recently dropped kingdom includes mostly unicellular eukaryotes | Protists |
| These are clades that include the ancestral species and some of its descendants | Paraphyletic |
| They exhibit more structural & functional diversity than any other group of eukaryotes | Protists |
| What type of protist causes malaria | Plasmodium |
| A dinoflagellate that causes fish kills | Pfesteria shumwayae |
| This causes sudden oak death | Phytophthora ramorum |
| These are essential for the well-being of most terrestrial ecosystems and are nature's decomposers and recyclers | Fungi |
| What three lifestyles do fungi have ? | Decomposers, parasites, and mutualists |
| These produce haploid spores by mitosis | Molds |
| These reproduce asexually with or without spores | Yeasts |
| These have flagellated spores | Chytrids |
| These have resistant zygosporangium as sexual stage | Zygomycota (Zygomycetes) |
| These are formed with plants | Glomeromycota (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) |
| These have sexual spores borne internally in sacs called asci and produce vast numbers of asexual spores | Ascomycota (Ascomycetes) |
| What are sexual spores called (ascomycetes) | ascospores |
| What are asexual spores called (ascomycetes) | conidia |
| These have elaborate fruiting body (basidiocarp) containing many basidia that produce sexual spores (basidiospores) | Basidiomycota (Basidiomycetes) |
| These resulted from a symbiotic relationship between fungus and an algae | Lichens |
| Provides carbon compounds | Algae |
| Provides nitrogen | Cyanobacteria |
| Provides growing environment | Fungi |
| What is the amphibian chytrid fungus called | Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) |
| The most precipitous decline of North American wildlife is caused by this | white nose syndrome |
| What causes white nose syndrome | Pseudogymnoascus destructans |
| What are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers | Animals |
| Cleavage leads to the formation of a what ? | blastula |
| The common ancestor of living animals may have lived between how many million years ago | 675 and 875 |
| Animals moved on land by: | 460 mya |
| Vertebrates moved on land by: | 360 mya |
| This allows for much greater body flexibility and movement, space for visceral organs, greater body size because of more surface area for gas exchange, and serve as a hydrostatic skeleton in some worms | coelom function |
| This is a clade of animals with true tissues | Eumetazoa |
| These are basal animals with no tissue | Sponges |
| Most animal phyla belong to the clade Bilateria, and are called ________ | Bilaterians |
| There are 52,000 species of vertebrates and half of them are ______ | fish |
| Which clade does Chordates belong to? | Deuterostomes |
| What type of deuterostomes are urochordates and cephalochordates | invertebrate deuterostomes |
| Which clade of animals have a cranium | Craniata |
| What aquatic animal is grouped in the Craniata clade | Hagfish |
| What do hagfish lack ? | vertebrae |
| What is the bony or cartilage based brain case called | Cranium |
| Which clade consists of these four characteristics: notochord, dorsal, hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits or clefts, and muscular, post-anal tail | Chordata |
| What does the notochord in chordata eventually become | vertebrae |
| What does the dorsal, hollow nerve cord in chordata eventually become | spinal cord and brain |
| What happens to the muscular, post-anal tail in chordata | stays the same |
| What does the pharyngeal slits or clefts in chordata become | gills or lungs |
| What animal that inhabits sedimentary areas is grouped in the Cephalochordata clade | lancelets (not a vertebrate) |
| What subgroup do tunicates and sea squirts belong to | Urochordata |
| This is removed hindrances of exoskeleton in terms of growth and are structured for easy attachment of muscles | Endoskeleton |
| Segmented body muscles called ________ - changed from folded "V" to folded "W" for more maneuverability | myomeres |
| During the Cambrian period, a lineage of craniates (true head) evolved into _______ | vertebrates |
| What is another word for the development of the jaw | gnathostomes |
| Which clade includes the bony fish and tetrapods | Osteichthyes |
| When did birds develop feathers | 150 mya |
| When did mammals develop fur | 200 mya |
| Vertebrates have paired kidneys with ducts to do what | drain waste to exterior |
| Vertebrates have a presence of outer and inner epidermis which are modified to produce what ? | hair, scales, feathers, glands, horn, etc. |
| Birds, lampreys, and hagfish all lack what | paired gonads |
| Vertebrates replaced the notochord with what ? | vertebral column |
| the development of the jaw might have evolved from the skeletal supports of the what ? | pharyngeal slits |
| What animals lack jaws | jawless hagfish and lampreys |
| Sharks, rays, skates, and ratfish all lack what ? | hard skeleton |
| Bony fish, lungfish, and coelocanths all lack what ? | true limbs |
| Amphibians (frogs, salamanders, and caecilians) lack what ? | amniotic egg and fully functional lungs |
| Which animals (invertebrates or vertebrates) have bony cartilaginous endoskeletons | vertebrates |
| Muscular, perforated pharynx ; site of _____ in fishes | gills |
| The general body plan of _________ consists of the head, trunk, 2 pairs of appendages, and a post anal tail | vertebrates |
Created by:
tparker31
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