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MCB163 Lec#1
this gives me boner cancer
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neuron structural properties | irritability, specific sensitivity, long-distance connectivity, and synaptic relations, and above all, integration |
| Golgi type I | long axon projection cells. usually excitatory. project long distances, and faithfully convey signals with great speed. |
| Golgi type II | local circuit interneurons.usually inhibitory, project nearby and alter transmission in a nucleus, often via an unmyelinated, slowly-conducting axon. |
| Glial Cell Functions | provide myelination, buffer extracellular pH, and remove damaged processes. 3 types. |
| 3 Types of Glial Cells | Oligodendendroglia, protoplasmic astrocytes,microglia |
| Oligodendroglia | are responsible for myelinating axons |
| Protoplasmic Astrocytes | are an important interface between neurons and blood vessels |
| Microglia | remove neuronal debris after damage through phagocytosis |
| Soma | protein synthesis and integration of signals for growth, degeneration,and regeneration of neuronal processes |
| Axon | transmitter release and connectivity for neuronal communication, target finding, and growth and remodeling; axons can also receive input from other axons (axoaxonal synapses). |
| Dendrites | receptive membrane of neurons for the target of much synaptic input |
| Organelle Regulation | by the neuronal membrane system regulates production of nuclear membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane, and other aspects of cellular metabolism |
| Microtubules and Neurofilaments | are the fibrillar structural elements of the cytoskeleton |
| Functions of Microtubules and Neurofilaments | that (i) maintain neuronal shape and (ii) participate in transport of materials along the axon - transport that is bidirectional |
| 2 Types of Axon Transport | Anterograde ,Retrograde. Both types of transport occur simultaneously in axons.There are several subtypes each of both kinds of transport |
| Anterograde Transport | moves materials from the soma toward the axon terminal |
| Retrograde Transport | moves materials from the axon terminal toward the soma |
| Dendrite and Lysosome Facts | dendrites also transport molecules and organelles, but more slowly. lysosomes and their associated enzymes catalyze waste products |
| Types of Neuronal Communication | chemical, electrical, and hormonal substrates |
| Synaptic Function | Always has a specific morphological basis |
| Excitatory Synaptic Mechanisms | synaptic mechanisms generally involve round synaptic vesicles and asymmetries between the pre- and postsynaptic membrane thickenings |
| Inhibitory Synaptic Mechanisms | often involve flattened or pleiomorphic synaptic vesicles and symmetric pre- and postsynaptic processes |
| Varieties of synaptic organization | axon terminals are segregated spatially and selectively on the neuronal membrane |
| Hormonal Mechanisms | modulate neuronal excitability on a long-term basis |
| The Vesicle Hypothesis depends on 2 things | 1)chemical transmission 2)dependence of neural transmission on axoplasmic transport |
| Electrical Transmission | involves gap junctions and, often, bidirectional transmission |
| The Neuron Doctrine(Ramón y Cajal) | |
| Syncytial (Camillo Golgi) Theories of Communication | |
| Receptors Overall Function | 1)The gateway for representing the external world in the brain substrate and 2)control neuronal excitability |
| 2 Types of Nervous Systems | peripheral nervous system,central nervous system |
| Schwann cells | provide myelin sheaths; effects of demyelination. Found in peripheral nervous system. Oligodendrogliocytes |
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | provides an insight into the critical importance of myelin. CNS. |
| Blood-brain barrier | selective permeability to chemicals, pathogens, and nutrients. |
| Innervate | to communicate nervous energy to; stimulate through nerves. 2. to furnish with nerves; grow nerves into. |
| Free Nerve Endings | dermal pain receptors innervated by ganglion cells that give rise to group C fibers |
| C fibers | are found in the peripheral nerves of the somatic sensory system.[1] They are unique because unlike most other nerves in the nervous system, they are unmyelinated.[1] This lack of myelination is the cause of their slow conduction velocity. |
| Ganglia | are composed mainly of somata and dendritic structures which are bundled or connected together. Ganglia often interconnect with other ganglia to form a complex system. |
| Encapsulated receptors | pressure receptors in joints and tendons innervated by spinal ganglion cells that lie in the dorsal root ganglia beside the spinal cord |
| Dorsal Root Ganglia | (also known as the spinal ganglia) contain the cell bodies of sensory (afferent) nerves. PNS. |
| Inner ear hair cells | innervated by spiral ganglion cells of Corti(The organ of Corti (or spiral organ) is the organ in the inner ear of mammals that contains auditory sensory cells, or "hair cells.") |
| Effector Receptor Interactions(Pathway) | the muscle spindle (length-sensitive) receptor is innervated by a dorsal root ganglion cell which projects to a spinal motoneuron which, in turn, regulates the excitability of the muscle spindle |
| Muscle Spindle Receptor | are sensory receptors within the belly of a muscle, which primarily detect changes in the length of this muscle. They convey length information to the central nervous system via sensory neurons. The can then determine the position of body parts. |
| Axotomy | The process of cutting or to otherwise sever an axon |
| The Visual System As A Model | retinal ganglion cell g lateral geniculate body g visual cortex |
| Lateral Geniculate Body | (LGN)primary processing center for visual information received from the retina. The LGN is found inside the thalamus. Receives info from the ascend retinal ganglion cells via the optic nerve and from the reticular activating system. The LGN has 6 layers. |
| Retinal Ganglion Cell | (RGC)neuron located near(the ganglion cell layer) of the retina. It receives visual information from photoreceptors via two intermed neuron types: bipolar cells and amacrine cells.RCG collectively transmit visualinfo to thal, hypothal,and mesencephalon |
| The Primary Visual Cortex | , V1, is the koniocortex (sensory type) located in and around the calcarine fissure in the occipital lobe. It receives information directly from the lateral geniculate nucleus. |
| Retrograde Changes | from axon or axon terminals to cell body |
| Anterograde Changes | from cell body to axon |
| Denervation Supersensitivity | facilitates residual cutaneous and neuromuscular responsiveness after peripheral damage; this causes a transient hyperreflexia |
Created by:
scottsorge
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