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marine biology
module 6
| Vertebrata | the organisms in this group have a backbone |
| vertebral column | another name for a backbone |
| spinal cord | the vertebral column is a series of integrated bone units that provides support for the body, these skeletal elements enclose and protect the nerve cord, which is also called this |
| Agnatha | creatures in this class are commonly called jawless fish |
| jawless fish | only two orders of these fishes are known to exist: the hagfishes and the lampreys |
| Anadromous | a life cycle in which creatures are hatched in fresh water, migrate to salt water when adults, and return to fresh water in order to reproduce |
| Chondrichthyes | this class holds sharks, rays, and skates |
| osteoblasts | bone-producing cells |
| osteocytes | mature bone cells |
| placoid scales | cartilaginous fishes have their entire bodies covered with teeth called theses |
| denticles | placoid scales are also called these |
| caudal fin | another name for the tail fin |
| dorsal fins | on the back side of the body |
| pectoral fins | are typically long and pointed, giving them excellent steering ability as well as much-needed lift in the water column |
| pelvic and anal fins | are used for stabilization |
| Ginglymostoma | nurse shark |
| Sphyrna | Hammerhead and bonnethead |
| Pristiophorus | Sawsharks |
| Alopias | thresher sharks |
| Mitsukurina | goblin shark |
| Squalus | dogfish |
| Squaliolus | spiny pygmy shark |
| Cetorhinus | basking shark |
| Rhincodon | whale shark |
| Carcharodon | great white shark |
| Galeocerdo | tiger shark |
| Carcharhinus | bull shark |
| demersal | fishes that live on the bottom of the ocean |
| Stingrays | have a whip-like tail that has stinging spines at its base |
| Electric rays | stun their prey and protect themselves with two groups of special muscles located near the head |
| Manta rays and eagle rays | have pectoral fins that resemble wings for “flying” in the water |
| Manta rays | genus Manta |
| eagle rays | genus Aetobatus |
| Skates | are very similar to rays with the exception of the whip-like tail and spines, instead, they have a more fleshy tail |
| chimaeras | these are also called rat fishes, they have a short, rounded snout and a long, pointed caudal fin, are mostly deep-water fishes, feeding on bottom-dwelling crustaceans and mollusks |
| Osteichthyes | most of the fishes in creation are in this class, typically called the bony fishes |
| bony fishes | another name for Osteichthyes |
| cycloid and ctenoid | two basic types of bony fish scales |
| cycloid | this scale has a smooth, rounded edge on both its inner and outer sides |
| ctenoid | this scale has comb-like extensions on the inner edge and a toothed outer edge |
| operculum | a flap made of bony plates, it covers and protects bony fishes gills |
| swim bladder | a gas-filled sac located near a bony fish stomach, and allows them to attain neutral buoyancy |
| rays | bony fin spines on bony fish are called this |
| air bladder | another name for a swim bladder |
| tapered | what body shape does a streamlined creature, slightly flattened on its sides, with fins for steering and maneuverability have |
| ray-like | what body shape does a bottom-dwelling fishes are flattened from top to bottom, like a pancake, and aids in camouflage have |
| disc- and box-shaped | what body shape does a fish have if it spend time swimming around coral reefs, traveling short distances in no particular hurry |
| eel-like | what body shape does a fish have if it lives in narrow crevices of rocks or coral |
| elongated | eel-like bodies are this |
| flat | what body shape does a fish have if it is compressed laterally, or side to side |
| chromatophores | surface pigment cells that expand and contract to produce various colors |
| camouflage | is used to help fishes blend in with their surroundings |
| disguise | another word for camouflage for fish that don't have chromatophores |
| disruptive coloration | bold, contrasting marks to hide various body parts |
| mimicry | fish that have coloring to make them appear like other fish that would not be considered prey |
| countershading | when viewed from above, the dark side of the fish blends against the dark, deep water below,and when viewed from below, the silver-white side of the fish blends against the light coming down through the surface of the ocean |
| advertise | a example of this is the brightly colored cleaner fish, which make themselves known to other fish that want to be cleaned, or some fishes do this with color in order to warn potential predators of their sharp, venomous spines or other dangerous features |
| myomeres | bands of muscle along the sides of fishes used for locomotion |
| gill rakers | projections along the inner surface of fishes' gills used for filter-feeding |
| megamouth shark | Megachasma |
| planktivorous | means plankton-eating |
| grazers | bony fishes that feed on plant material and seaweeds are called this |
| taste buds | once a fish obtains its food, the food passes across the tongue and over this |
| pharynx | after the taste buds the food then passes through this |
| esophagus | after the pharynx the food then passes a short (throat) |
| stomach | after the esophagus leads to here, where food is broken down and stored until it needs to be digested |
| intestine | food passes from the stomach to here where the food is then digested |
| pyloric ceca | a main organ in most fishes' intestines (are slender, tube-like structures secrete digestive enzymes into the intestine) |
| pancreas | digestive enzymes are secreted by this |
| bile | the liver also plays a part in digestion by secreting this for the breakdown of fats |
| spiral valve | resembles a spiral staircase, turning around and around as it moves down the length of the shark's gut |
| rectum | the end of the intestine |
| anus | the opening at the lower end of the alimentary canal, through which the solid refuse of digestion is excreted |
| two-chambered heart | in fishes, the blood flow begins with this |
| atrium, and ventricle | one of the two chambers in the two-chambered heart is called the ------ and the other is called ------- |
| veins | the atrium is responsible for receiving oxygen-poor blood from these |
| arteries | oxygenated blood is then transported throughout the body by way of these |
| capillaries | arteries branch out into smaller vessels called this |
| gill arches | bony or cartilaginous structures |
| gill filaments | gill arches each have a double row of bladelike what |
| lamellae | to increase the surface area of the gills, each filament has feather-like separations called this |
| countercurrent | fish have this type of blood flow |
| central nervous system | is made up of the brain and spinal cord |
| barbels | indicates to fish their sense of smell is a very sharp one |
| nictitating membrane | some of the more fierce predatory sharks have an extra covering, like an eyelid, called this |
| optic lobes | these are found large in fishes brains for good vision |
| lateral line | the sensory system in the fishes is called this |
| ampullae of Lorenzini | along with the lateral line, most sharks also have sensory organs in their head called this, it can also can detect minute electrical fields in the water, and they even tell the shark the precise location from which the fields originate |
| schools | some fish aggregate together into groups called this |
| Anguilla rostrata | American fresh water eel |
| catadromous | referring to fishes that migrate from fresh water to reproduce in the ocean |
| migration | the regular movement of an organism from one location to another |
| urogenital opening | jawless and bony fishes have a special opening, which allows passage of urine and gametes |
| cloaca | the cartilaginous fishes have a common opening for the digestive and reproductive systems called this |
| hermaphroditism | a situation in which an animal has the reproductive organs of both sexes |
| internal fertilization | this is a result of direct transfer of sperm from the male to the female |
| claspers | the males have a pair of these located next to the anal fins used for directly depositing sperm into the female |
| external fertilization | most of the marine fishes reproduce by means of this |
| spawn | fish that do this release their gametes into the water |
| oviparous | a type of development in which eggs are hatched outside a female's body |
| ovoviviparous | a type of development in which eggs are hatched inside the female's body |
| viviparous | a type of development in which the young obtain their nutrients directly from the mother and are birthed live |
| fry | the young larvae usually hatch after one to three days, still carrying their yolk sacs, at this stage they are called this |
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