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CB3_central dogma
the central dogma of molecular biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Central Dogma | theory explaining how information flows within a biological system |
| DNA replication | it is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. |
| Transcription | the DNA sequence of a gene is copied to make a primary transcript, the pre-mRNA, by the RNA polymerase. |
| Messenger RNA | RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression. |
| Translation | it is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. |
| Gene | A portion of DNA providing instructions for making a functional product (RNA or protein) |
| Polypeptide | A chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds |
| Transfer RNA | a small RNA molecule, consisting of a strand of nucleotides folded into a clover-leaf shape, that picks up an unattached amino acid within the cell cytoplasm and conveys it to the ribosome for protein synthesis. |
| Ribosomal RNA | it is the RNA component of ribosomes, the molecular machines that catalyze protein synthesis. |
| Gene expression | The conversion of the information from the gene into mRNA via transcription and then to protein via translation resulting in a functional product. |
| Semi-conservative | related to DNA replication, implies that each strand in the DNA double helix acts as a template for the synthesis of a new, complementary strand. The new DNA molecule have 50% old DNA and 50% newly synthetized DNA. |
| DNA polymerase | An enzyme that is responsible for synthesizing DNA; it adds nucleotides to the 3’end of growing DNA strand. |
| RNA primer | A short stretch of RNA annealed to the DNA template, from which the DNA polymerase can start adding DNA nucleotides |
| Template | A molecule providing the information for the synthesis of another molecule. In DNA replication, each strand of the double helix acts as a template for the synthesis of a new double helix. |
| Proofreading | The property of certain polymerases, to remove erroneously introduced bases and to replace them with the correct bases. |
| Nucleotide | The basic building block of nucleic acids; it is an organic compound made up of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group. |
| 3' end | the 3′-end of a strand is so named due to it terminating with the hydroxyl group (-OH) of the third carbon in the sugar-ring. |
| 5' end | the 5′-end of a strand is so named due to it terminating with the phosphate group attached to the fifth carbon in the sugar-ring. |
| Helicase | An enzyme that unwinds the two strands of DNA |
| Origins of replication | Specific locations on the genome from which the DNA replication gets started |
| Replication forks | site where double-stranded DNA splits apart into 2 single strands. It has a Y-shaped structure. |
| Primase | enzyme that synthetize RNA primers |
| Anti-parallel | In the DNA double helix, one strand runs in the 5’ to 3’ direction, while the other runs in the 3’ to 5’ direction |
| Leading strand | Strand of DNA that is replicated continuously. |
| Lagging strand | strand of DNA that is replicated discontinuously, one fragment after the other. |
| Okazaki fragments | short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication |
| Exonuclease | Enzyme that removes the RNA primers used during DNA replication |
| DNA Ligase | Seals the cuts that remain after the RNA primers are substituted with DNA nucleotides. |
| RNA Polymerase | An enzyme that synthesizes a complementary RNA strand from a DNA template. It is the main player in transcription. |
| Primary transcript | A single-stranded RNA product synthesized by the transcription of gene, before being processed to produce a mature RNA product. |
| Promoter | A region on the genome to which transcription factors in order to initiate transcription of specific genes. |
| Transcription factor | proteins that recognize and bind to promoter regions, and then recruit the RNA polymerase to start transcription. |
| Template strand or anti-sense strand | It is the DNA strand that the RNA polymerase uses as template to produce the primary transcript. |
| Coding strand or sense strand | It is the DNA strand that the RNA polymerase DOESN’T use as template to produce the primary transcript. It is complementary to the anti-sense strand, therefore identical to the pre-mRNA. |
| Terminator sequence | DNA sequence at the end of a gene that causes RNA polymerase to stop transcription. |
| Pre-mRNA | The primary transcript of a protein-coding gene |
| 5’ cap | A modified guanine nucleotide that is added at the 5’end of the mRNA to protect the transcript from being broken down. |
| Poly-A tail | many adenine nucleotides (100-200) are added at the 3’end of the transcript to make it more stable. |
| Splicing | Process in which some sequences of the primary transcript called INTRONS are removed from the pre-RNA |
| Introns | non-coding sequences of the pre-mRNA that are removed during splicing |
| Exons | coding sequences of the pre-mRNA that are kept and stuck together during splicing. Only the exons of a gene code for a protein sequence. |
| Alternative splicing | Process in which more than one mature mRNA is made from the same gene, through the retention of different sets of exons. |
| Mature mRNA | A pre-mRNA molecule becomes a mature mRNA molecule after having undergone processing, which include the addition of a 5’cap, a polyA tail and splicing. |
| Genetic code | is the set of rules by which information encoded within genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) is translated into proteins by living cells. |
| Codon | a specific sequence of three consecutive nucleotides that is part of the genetic code and that specifies a particular amino acid in a protein. |
| Redundant | The genetic code is redundant. Most amino acids are encoded by more than one codon. |
| Unambiguous | The genetic code is unambiguous. Each codon codes only for one amino acid |
| Anticodon | is a sequence of 3 nucleotides that is complementary to a codon. Anticodons are found in tRNAs, and allow the tRNAs to bring the correct amino acid during protein synthesis. |
| A-site | slot in the ribosome where the tRNA bringing the next amino acid to add binds |
| P-site | slot in the ribosome that contains the tRNA with the growing polypeptide chain attached to it |
| E-site | slot in the ribosome that permit the exit of the tRNA that has given the amino acid he carried to the newly synthetized protein. |
| Methionine | it’s an amino acid coded by the start codon AUG. |
| Start codon | It is the first codon of a mRNA transcript translated by a ribosome. It codes for a methionine. |
| Peptide bond | The covalent bond joining two amino acids |
| N-terminus | The start of a protein, it is the end having a free amino group (-NH2) |
| C-terminus | The end of a protein, it is the end having a free carboxyl group (-COOH) |
| stop codon | In the genetic code, a stop codon (or termination codon) is a nucleotide triplet within of the messenger RNA that signals the termination of protein synthesis. |
| release factor | is a protein that recognize a stop codon in an mRNA sequence and make the ribosome disassembles from the mRNA. |
| Gene regulation | mechanisms that control and determine which genes are switched on and off within a cell, and when, how long, and to what extent the genes are expressed. |
| Chromatin | The DNA double helix in the cell nucleus is packaged by special proteins termed histones. The formed protein/DNA complex is called chromatin. |
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