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Bio Genetics vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Allele | one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome. |
| autosome | any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome. |
| codominance | Incomplete dominance is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele |
| dihybrid | a hybrid that is heterozygous for alleles of two different genes |
| dominant allele | an allele that can take over a recessive allele |
| genotype | the genetic constitution of an individual organism. Often contrasted with phenotype. |
| heterozygous | an individual having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes, and so giving rise to varying offspring |
| homozygous | an individual having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes and so breeding true for the corresponding characteristic |
| monohybrid | a hybrid that is heterozygous with respect to a specified gene. |
| multiple allele | an allele of a genetic locus having more than two allelic forms within a population |
| phenotype | the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. |
| punnet square | a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment |
| recessive allele | one allele masks the contribution of a second allele at the same locus |
| sex chromosome | a chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically one of two kinds |
| sex-linked trait | are those found on either the X or Y chromosomes and include hemophilia and fragile X syndrome. |
| test cross | test-cross-a cross between an organism whose genotype for a certain trait is unknown and an organism |
| apoptosis | the death of cells that occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development |
| cell cycle | the life cycle of a dividing cell |
| centriole | a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division. |
| centromere | the point on a chromosome by which it is attached to a spindle fiber during cell division. |
| chromatin | the material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed |
| chromosome | a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. |
| crossing-over | the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring. |
| cytokinesis | the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells. |
| diploid (2n) chromosome number | |
| gamete | a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote. |
| haploid (n) chromosome number | |
| homologous chromosomes | are chromosome pairs, one from each parent, that are similar in length, gene position, and centromere location. |
| meiosis | a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores |
| mitosis | a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth |
| nondisjunction | the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division |
| somatic cell | any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells. |
| synapsis | the fusion of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis. |
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