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CB1_cell structures
cellular structures
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cholesterol | a steroid compound that maintain the fluidity and the integrity of the plasma membrane. |
| Metabolism | The sum of the biochemical reactions occurring in an organism |
| Homeostasis | Maintenance of a stable internal environment, even in the face of changing external environment |
| Prokaryotic cells | Simple single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles |
| Eukaryotic cell | cells containing a nucleus surrounded by a membrane and numerous membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria, Golgi bodies, and lysosomes. |
| Plasma membrane | Double layer of phospholipids that separates the cell’s interior from its surrounding environment |
| Cytoplasm | It is the space between the cell membrane and the nucleus. |
| Cytosol | It is a jelly-like fluid in which organelles of the cell are suspended |
| Ribosome | Molecular machines that synthesize proteins |
| Nucleus | Organelle that contains genetic material and is enclosed in a double membrane |
| Phospholipid | Made up of a hydrophilic head containing a glycerol and a phosphate group, and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails |
| phospholipid bilayer | a two-layered structure of phospholipids that form a cell membrane. The hydrophobic fatty acid tails face inward and the hydrophilic phosphate end faces outward. |
| nuclear envelope | composed of two membranes. The external one is in continuity with the endoplasmic reticulum |
| Nuclear pores | opening ensuring communication between the nucleus and the cytoplasm |
| Nucleolus | zone in the nucleus where ribosomes are produced and assembled |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | network of membranous tubules and flattened sacs that plays a key role in protein folding and the synthesis of lipids. |
| Rough ER | endoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes attached to its cytoplasmic surface. |
| Smooth ER | endoplasmic reticulum that has no ribosomes attached and is continuous with rough ER. Important for the synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids and for the storage of calcium ions in muscle cells. |
| Vesicle | A membrane-bound sac in eukaryotic cells that stores or transports materials within the cytoplasm |
| Golgi apparatus | Organelle made up of flattened discs of membrane, called cisternae. It is responsible for modifying, sorting, tagging, packaging and distribution of lipids and proteins. |
| Cisternae | a flattened membrane sac of the Golgi apparatus. |
| Lysosomes | are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers. |
| Mitochondria | They are double-membrane bound organelles that produce energy in the form of ATP. |
| Cristae | Protrusion of the inner membrane of mitochondria |
| Intermembrane space | The space between the two membranes in the mitochondria |
| Mitochondrial matrix | The compartment enclosed by the inner membrane in the mitochondria |
| Cytoskeleton | Network of filaments in cells. Has three types of protein fibers; microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules |
| Microfilaments | Made of actin monomers. Role in cell movement, cytokinesis and cell contractility. |
| Intermediate filaments | Made of multiple strands of fibrous proteins wound together. They maintain cell shape and anchor organelles in place. |
| Microtubules | Made of tubulin proteins. They provide a platform for the transport of vesicles, they are essential for splitting chromosomes in cell division and they form cilia and flagella |
| Centriole | Cylinder of nine triplets of microtubules, held together by supporting proteins |
| Centrosome | It is composed of two centrioles perpendicular to each other. This structure organise the microtubule network in animal cells. |
| Flagella | Long, hair-like structures that extend from the cell-surface and are used to move an entire cell, such as a sperm cells |
| Cilia | Short, hair-like structures that appear in large numbers on the cell’s surface. Their beating helps cells move materials across the surface of the cell. |
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SaraLUNEX
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