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IGHS Winkels
Biology Chapter 7
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cells | basic units of life |
| Cell theory | a fundamental concept of biology |
| Nucleus | a large membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA |
| Eukaryotes | cells that contain nuclei |
| Prokaryotes | cells that do not contain nuclei |
| Organelles | "little organs" |
| Cytoplasm | the portion of the cell outside the nucleus |
| Nuclear envelope | two membranes that surround the nucleus |
| Chromatin | granular material you can see in the nucleus |
| Chromosomes | threadlike structures that contain the genetic information that is passed fron one generation of cells to the next |
| Nucleolus | where the assembly of ribosomes begins |
| Ribosomes | small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | Eukaryotic cells contain an internal membrane sysem |
| Golgi apparatus | proteins produced in the rough ER move into this organelle |
| Lysosomes | digest, or break down, lipids, carbohydrates,, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell |
| Vacuoles | saclike structures that store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates |
| Mitochondria | organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use |
| Chloroplasts | organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis |
| Cytoskeleton | a network of protein filaments that help the cell to maintain its shape. It is also involved in movement. |
| Centrioles | located near the nucleus and helps to organize cell division/only found in animal cells |
| Cell membrane | a thin flexible barrier that surrounds all cells/regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support |
| Cell wall | a strong supporting layer around the membrane of a cell |
| lipid bilayer | double-layered sheet of lipids that gives cell membranes a flexible structure that forms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings |
| Concentration | the mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume |
| Diffusion | particles move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated |
| Equilibrium | when the concentration of the solute is the same throughout a system |
| Osmosis | the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
| Isotonic | "same strength" |
| Hypertonic | "above strength" |
| Hypotonic | "below strength" |
| Facilitated diffusion | cell membrane protein that helps the diffusion of glucose |
| Active transport | energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference |
| Endocytosis | process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane |
| Phagocytosis | extensions of cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole |
| Pinocytosis | process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment |
| Exocytosis | the membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell |
| Cell specialization | cells throughout an organism can develop in different ways to perform different task. |
| Tissue | is a group of similar cells that perform a particular function |
| Organ | many groups of tissues working together |
| Organ system | a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function |
Created by:
Winkels
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