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Cell Structure
Cell structure and function
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cells | -Smallest living unit -Most are microscopic |
| Who discovered cells? | Robert Hooke |
| When were cells discovered? | Mid-1600 |
| When/ who was the term "all living things are made of cells" discovered? | In 1839 by Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden |
| When/ who was the term "all cells come from cells" discovered? | In 1889 by Rudolf Virchow |
| What are some principles of cell theory? | -All living things are made of cells -Smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is the cell -All cells arise from preexisting cells (this principle discarded the idea of spontaneous generation) |
| Do cells have large surface area-to-volume ratios? | Yes |
| What are the characteristics of all cells? | -A surrounding membrane -Protoplasm; cell contents in thick fluid -Organelles; structures for cell function -control center with DNA |
| What are the two types of cells? | 1. Prokaryotic 2. Eukaryotic |
| Prokaryotic Cells | -First cell type on earth -Cell type of bacteria and archaea -No membrane bound necleus -Nucleoi = region of DNA concentration -Organelles not bound by membranes |
| Eukaryotic Cells | -Nucleus bond by membrane -Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells -Possess many organelles |
| Organelles | -Cellular machinery -Two general kinds; derived from membranes, bacteria-like organelles |
| Bacteria-like organelles | -Derived from symbiotic bacteria -Ancient association -Endosymbiotic theory; evolution of modern cells from cells & symbiotic bacteria |
| Plasma membrane | -Contains cell contents -Double layer of phospholids & proteins |
| Phospholipids | -Polar; hydrophylic head, hydrophobic tail -Interacts with water |
| Movement across the plasma membrane | -A few molecules move freely; water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, oxygen -Carrier proteins transport some molecules; proteins embedded in lipid bilayer, fluid mosaic model (describes fluid nature of a lipid bilayer with proteins) |
| Membrane Proteins | 1. Channels or transporters -move molecules in one direction 2. Receptors -Recognize certain chemicals 3.Glycoproteins -identify cell type 4.Enzymes -catalyze production of substances |
| Cell walls | -Found in plants, fungi, & many protists -Surrounds plasma membrane |
| What are the two different cell walls? | 1. Plants- mostly cellulose 2. Fungi- contain chitin |
| Cytoplasm | -Viscous fluid containing organelles components of cytoplasm -Components of cytoplasm; interconnected filaments & fibers, fluid = cytosol, organelles (not nucleus), storage substance |
| Membranous organelles | -Functional components within cytoplasm -Bound by membranes |
| Nuclear envelope | -Separates nucleus from rest of cell -Double membrane -Has pores |
| DNA | -Hereditary material -Chromosomes; DNA, proteins, form for cell division |
| What do bacteria-like organelles do? | -Release and store energy |
| Types of bacteria-like organelles | -Mitochondria (release energy) -Chloroplasts (store energy) |
| Chloroplasts | -Derived from photosynthetic bacteria -Solar energy capturing organelle |
| Photosynthesis | -Takes place in the chloroplast -Makes cellular food; glucose |
| Molecule movement and cells | -Passive transport -Active transport -Endocytosis -Exocytosis |
| Passive transport | -No energy required -Move due to gradient; differences in concentration, pressure, charge -Move to equalize gradient; high moves toward low |
| Types of passive transport | 1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis 3. Facilitated diffusion |
| Diffusion | -Molecules move to equalize concentration |
| Osmosis | -Special form of diffusion -Fluid flows from lower solute concentration -Often involves movement of water; into cell, out of cell |
| Solution differences and cells | -Solvent + solute = solution -Hypotonic; solutes in cell more than outside, outside solvent will flow into cell -Isotonic; solutes equal inside and out of cell -Hypertonic; Solutes greater outside cell, fluid will flow out of cell |
| Facilitated diffusion | -Differentially permeable membrane -Channels help molecule or ions enter or leave the cell -Channels usually are transport proteins -No energy is used |
| Process of facilitated transport | -Protein binds with molecule -Shape of protein changes -Molecule moves across membrane |
| Active transport | -Molecular movement -Requires energy Ex: sodium-potassium pump |
| Endocytosis | -Movement of large material; particles, organisms, large molecules -Movement is into cells -Types of endocytosis; bulk-phase and receptor-mediated |
| Process of endocytosis | -Plasma membrane surrounds material -Edges of membrane meet -Membranes fuse to form vesicle |
| Forms of endocytosis | 1. Phagocytosis - cell eating 2. Pinocytosis - cell drinking |
| Exocytosis | -Reverse of endocytosis -Cell discharges material -Vesicle moves to cell surface -Membrane of vesicle fuses -Materials expelled |
Created by:
kieren1
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