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Biology
Biology Cell Differentiation and Enzymes Quiz
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| an unborn or unhatched offspring in the process of development | embryo |
| the process by which cells become specialized | differentiation |
| the unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells develop | stem cells |
| able to do everything, as far as forming all tissues in the body | totipotent |
| a hollow ball of cells with a cluster of cells inside | blastocyst |
| capable of developing into many, but not all, of the body's cell types | pluripotent |
| found in the inner cells mass of the early embryo | embryonic stem cells |
| can produce many types of differentiated cells | multipotent |
| gathering stem cells from an embryo | harvesting |
| a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change | catalyst |
| protein acting as biological catalysts that speed up the chemical reactions of the cell | enzymes |
| the energy required to start a reaction | activation energy |
| the substance acted upon by an enzyme | substrate |
| places on enzymes to which a specific substrate binds | active sites |
| the breaking of many of the weak linkages, or bonds (e.g., hydrogen bonds), within a protein molecule | denature |
| an enzyme found in potatoes that catalyzes the oxidation of a particular substrate by hydrogen peroxide | catalase |
| an enzyme found in turnips that catalyzes the oxidation of a particular substrate by hydrogen peroxide | peroxidase |
| breaks down proteins | protease |
| breaks down lipids | lipase |
| breaks down lactose in milk | lactase |
| breakdown of complex molecules into two simpler molecules | catabolism |
| use of enzymes to build complex molecules from simpler molecules | anabolism |
| the compatibility of the shape of the active site and the shape of the enzyme | enzyme specificity |
| occurs when another part of the enzymes bonds with a molecule that is not the substrate and the bonding occurs at a second site, called the allosteric site | noncompetitive inhibition |
| occurs when a substance binds to the active site of an enzyme and prohibits normal substrate interaction | competitive inhibition |
| The _______ _______ contains hundreds of different cell types, and every one of them develops from the single cell that starts the process. | human body |
| Most multicellular organisms pass through an early stage of development called an _______, which gradually develops into an adult organism. | embryo |
| During development, cells ______________ into many different types and become specialized to perform certain tasks. | differentiate |
| _______________ cells carry out the jobs that multicellular organisms need to stay alive. | Differentiated |
| Cell differentiation in mammals is controlled by a number of interacting factors in the ________. | embryo |
| Adult cells generally reach a point at which their _______________ is complete and they can no longer become other types of cells. | differentiation |
| Only the fertilized egg and the cells produced by the first few cell divisions of embryonic development are truly ___________. | totipotent |
| After about four days of development, a human embryo forms into a blastocyst and the cells of the inner cell mass are said to be ____________. | pluripotent |
| What are the two types of stem cells? | embryonic and adult stem cells |
| Researchers have grown stem cells isolated from human embryos in culture and their experiments confirmed that __________ ______ _______ have the capacity to produce most cell types in the human body. | embryonic stem cells |
| Adult stem cells of a given organ or tissue is ____________ and typically produces only the types of cells that are unique to that tissue. | multipotent |
| _______ ________ research may lead to new ways to repair the cellular damage that results from heart attack, stroke, and spinal cord injuries. | Stem cell |
| Most techniques for harvesting cause destruction of the _________. | embryo |
| Government funding of ____________ ______ ______ research is an important political issue. Groups seeking to protect embryos oppose such research as unethical. | embryonic stem cell |
| Some groups support ___________ _______ _____ research as essential to saving human lives and so view it as unethical to restrict the research. | embryonic stem cell |
| Life in a cell is made possible through hundreds of chemical reactions and if these chemical reactions proceed too slowly, the activities of the cell would come to a ______. | halt |
| Without _________, the reactions of the cell would proceed so slowly that they would be of no use to the cell, and the cell would die. | enzymes |
| __________ __________ occur faster and at lower temperatures because enzymes lower the activation energy for that chemical reaction. | Enzymatic reactions |
| __________ are never consumed or used up during the reaction so they can do their job over and over again. | Enzymes |
| The enzyme has an active site with a unique 3-D shape into which its __________ must fit so enzymes are highly specific for just one substrate. | substrate |
| Enzymes __________ both the forward and the reverse of the same reaction. | catalyze |
| Since enzymes are unchanged by ___________ ____________, only a small amount of any particular enzyme may be present so many different enzymes are in a single cell. | chemical reactions |
| Enzymes can be ___________ by temperatures and pH levels outside the optimal range for that particular enzyme. | denatured |
| Many enzymes like __________ are found in both plant and animal tissues. | catalase |
| What letters do enzymes almost always end in? | -ase |
Created by:
VickieJ10
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