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EPI Test 1
Respiratory
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Epidemiology | study of distribution and determinants of health related states |
| Health | The absence of illness |
| What are the six dimensions of health? | Physical, social, mental, emotional, spiritual, environmental |
| Core functions of public health | Assessment, policy development, and assurance |
| Population | Collection of individuals that share one or more observable characteristics |
| Distribution | Study of frequency and pattern of health events |
| Frequency | Number, and number in relation to the population |
| Pattern | The health related state or event by person, place, and time characteristics |
| Determinants | Search for causes and other factors for health related events |
| What are the health related states or events? | Disease states (Cholera), Conditions associated with health (physical activity), events (injury_) |
| Scientific method in regards to epi | The health problem, hypotheses, statistical testing, interpretation, and dissemination |
| Descriptive epidemiology | Involves designs to study who, what, when, and where |
| Analytic epi | Studies why and how health related events occur. Trying to find patterns and solve problems |
| Activities performed in epi | Identifying risk factors, describing disease history, where the health problem is the greatest, monitoring diseases over time, evaluating programs |
| Epi information | Public health assessment, causes of disease, completing clinical picture, program. Eveluation |
| What do you measure in program evaluation? | Efficacy and effectiveness |
| Efficacy | ability of a program to produce a desired effect among those who participate compared to those who do not participate |
| Effectiveness | Ability of a program to produce benefits among those who are offered the program |
| Questions that need epi | Diagnosis, causes, treatment, prognosis, health promotion and practice, health and disease surveillance, health inequalities |
| Epidemic | Health related state or event in a defined population above the expected in a given period of time (example: really bad flu season) |
| Endemic | Persistant, usual, expected health event in a defined population over a given period of time (example: AIDS/Malaria) |
| Pandemic | An epidemic that crosses borders including to other countries and continents |
| Common source | Point, intermittent, and continuous |
| What happens when you remove the common source? | Epidemic rapidly decreases because source of outbreak was contained |
| Propagated source | Spread from person to person through direct or indirect routes. These can happen more slowly |
| Mixed epidemics | A mix of the previous two. Can occur when a common source outbreak is followed by a person to person outbreak. |
| Direct transmission | Person to person typically |
| Indirect methods | Vehicle borne, or vector borne |
| Example of direct transmission | STDs |
| Example of vehicle borne disease | HIV spread through dirty needles |
| Ex of vector borne | Malaria spread through mosquitoes |
| Case definition | Standard set of criteria. Makes sure that the disease is consistently diagnosed. They include: person, place, time, clinical criteria |
| Case | Person who has been diagnosed with having a disease or disorder |
| Primary case | First disease case in the population |
| Index case | First disease brought to the attention of the epidemiologist |
| Secondary case | Those who become infected after its been introduced and who gets infected from the primary case |
| Suspect | An individual who has all the signs and symptoms of a disease but have not been diagnosed |
| Confirmed | All criteria met and have confirmed to have disease |
| Three sides to the epi triangle for infectious disease | Environment, infectious agent, and host |
| Fomites | Objects that may harbor a disease agent such as clothing, towels, utensils, needles |
| Vector | An invertebrate animal capable of transmitting the infectious disease |
| Reservior | The habitat on which an infectious agent lives, grows, multiplies, and depends on for its survival in nature. Ex: humans, animals, food, feces |
| Zoonosis | When an animal transmits a disease to the human. (Rabies) |
| Carrier | A carrier contains, spreads, or harbors the infectious organism (Typhoid Mary) |
| Active carrier | Individual has been exposed and is harboring pathogen |
| Convalescent carrier | Individual still in recovery from disease who is still infectious |
| Healthy carrier | Exposed to pathogen but has no symptoms |
| Incubatory carrier | Exposed to pathogen and is at beginning steps of disease, showing symptoms, and is infectious |
| Intermittent carrier | Individual in recovery from disease who is still infectious in different places or time intervals |
| Epi triangle for chronic diseases | Environment, group/population, and causative factors. |
| Chain of infection | Mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host, infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit |
| Hippocrates | First epidemiologist, ascribed to atomic theory, observed diseases in different places, introduced terms such as epidemic and endemic. |
| Thomas Syndeham | First really to study observation- relied on âunorthodox treatmentsâ such as fresh air and healthy diet |
| James Lind | Did experimental treatments for scurvy on sailors, used clinical observation |
| Benjamin Jesty | One of the first in western civilization to study effects of smallpox and cowpox. Observations from milkmaids. |
| Edward Jenner | Credited for laying the groundwork for vaccination. Actually gave his milkmaid cowpox and she did not catch the disease. Used VARIOLATION |
| Ignaz Semmelweis | Credited with advancements in hand washing because of observations of women dying after routine pelvic exams given by medical students who did not wash their hands. |
| John Snow | Cholera outbreak epidemiologist in London. Used both descriptive and analytical. |
| Louis Pasteur | Important figure in germ theory. Investigated how humans contracted anthrax. And discovered a vaccine for it too. |
| Robert Koch | Worked with Pasteur to establish germ theory. First to photograph microbes. Identified spore stage of microorganisms. |
| Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek | First to use the microscope to study disease. Discovered âanimalculesâ which were what he saw under the microscope. Led to development of chemistry and histology. |
| John Gaunt | Used the âbills of mortalityâ in London- age, sex, who died, etc. developed life tables Divided them into acute and chronic death. |
| William Farr | Noted as first to extensively use vital statistics. Promoted concept of multi-factorial etiology. |
| Bernadino Ramazzini | Noted the link between occupational hygiene and health. Workers were getting diseases as a direct cause of work exposure. |
| Florence nightingale | British nurse who helped develop changes in hygiene. Monitored rates to prove that hygiene affected death. Developed applied statistics |
| Typhoid mary | Had no symptoms, gave it to other people. Confined and isolated |
| T.K. Takaki | Noted for recognizing the importance of vitamins. Eradicated beriberi from Japanese navy. |
| Lemuel Shattuck | Published first report on sanitation and public health problems. Set forth the importance of establishing health boards and organizing the effort to collect data |
| Edgar Sydenstricker | Suggested morbidity statistics be classified into 5 general groups: Communicable diseases, hospital and clinical records, insurance and establishment of school illness records, illness surveys, records of incidence in a population |
| Jane Lane-Claypon | Recognized the importance of breastfeeding, advocate of prenatal services. Recognized factors associated with breast cancer. |
| Wade Hampton Frost | Father of modern epidemiology, investigated flu pandemic, advanced many different parts of epidemiology |
| Framingham study | Prospective cohort study on cardiovascular disease. Has given us extremely helpful |
| Epi of smoking and lung cancer | Case-control studies done in the 50s to establish a link. Also cohort studies done. Yeah |
| Modern epi people | Olli Miettinen, Austin Bradford Hill, Joseph Fleiss |
| What is disease? | Interruption, cessation, or disorder of body functions, systems, or organs |
| Etiology | Science and study of the causes of disease and their mode of operation. |
| Communicability | Ability to transfer disease- HIV, cholera, influenza |
| Horizontal transmission | Transmission of infectious agents from person to person (influenza) |
| Vertical transmission | Transmission of offspring from parents. Through sperm, placenta, milk, or vaginal fluid. |
| Infectious disease | Disease caused by microorganism |
| Pathogen | Organisms such as prions, bacteria, fungi, that are capable of producing diseases. |
| Invasiveness | The ability to get into a susceptible host and cause disease |
| Virulence | The disease evoking power of a pathogen |
| Toxins | Term used to describe a poisonous substance produced by a living organism |
| Viability | The capacity of a pathogen or agent to survive outside the host and to exist or thrive in the environment. |
| Incubation period | Period of time from exposure to symptoms |
| Latency period | For chronic diseases. Typically harder to identify since the causes are lifestyle choices that cause the disease. |
| Stages of disease process | Susceptibility, pre-symptomatic disease, clinical disease, and recovery, disability or death. |
| Congenital and hereditary diseases | Familial tendencies, born with the disease. Ex: Down syndrome, hemophilia, congenital heart defects |
| Allergies and inflammatory diseases | Body reacting to an invasion of or injury by a foreign object or substance |
| Degenerative diseases | Deterioration of body systems, functions. EX: Alzheimerâs, osteoporosis, arthritis |
| Metabolic diseases | Cause dysfunction of certain organs or physiological processes. Many are hereditary. Works with how cells regulate and conversion of food to energy. EX: Tay-Sachs |
| Common modes of entry into the body of infectious disease agents | Respiratory, organ, intravenous, urinary, gastrointestinal, transplacental |
| Zoonotic disease | An infectious organism in vertebrate animals that can be transmitted to humans through direct contact, a fomite, or vector. |
| Notifiable diseases | Considerable public health importance because they are serious. |
| Active immunity | The body produces its own antibiotics, this can occur through vaccine or already having the disease |
| Passive immunity | Acquired through transplacental transfer of mothers immunity to child. |
| Herd immunity | Based on the notion that if many people are protected from a disease that an epidemic will not occur. |
| Isolation | Applies to a person who are known to be ill with a contagious disease |
| Quarantine | Applies to a person who may have been exposed but may or may not have become ill. |
Created by:
rebeccaromanek
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