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IGHS Winkels
Biology Chapter 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Weather | the day-to-day condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place |
| Climate | the average, year-to-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region |
| Greenhouse effect | the natural situation in which heat is retained by the layer of greenhouse gases |
| Polar Zones | cold areas(around the N & S poles) where the sun's rays strike Earth at a very low angle |
| Temperate Zones | sit between the polar zones and the tropics |
| Tropical Zone | or tropics, is near the equator. It receives direct or nearly direct sunlight year-round. |
| Biotic factors | the biological influences on organisms within an ecosystem |
| Abiotic factors | physical, or nonliving, factors that shape ecosystems |
| Habitat | the area where an organism lives |
| Niche | is the full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and uses those conditions |
| Resource | refers to any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, or space |
| Competitive Exclusion Principle | no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time |
| Predation | an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism |
| Symbiosis | any relationship in which two species live closely together |
| Mutualism | both species benefit from the relationship(ants protect aphids which produce a sweet liquid that the ants drink) |
| Commensalism | one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped or hurt (barnacles attached to a whale) |
| Parasitism | one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it (ticks) |
| Ecological succession | the series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time |
| Primary succession | on land, succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists |
| Pioneer species | the first species to populate an area |
| Secondary succession | occurs after wildfires burn woodlands and when land cleared for farming is abandoned |
| Biome | a complex of terrestrial communites that cover a large area and is characterized by certain soil and climate conditions, animals and plants |
| Tolerance | ability to survive and reproduce under conditions that differ from their optimal conditions |
| Microclimate | the climate in a small area that differs from the climate around it |
| Canopy | the leafy tops of tall trees form a dense covering (tropical rain forest) |
| Understory | a second layer of shorter trees and vines(tropical rain forest) |
| Deciduous | a tree that sheds its leaves during a particular season each year |
| Coniferous | trees, or conifers, produce seed-bearing cones, and most have leaves shaped like needles |
| Humus | a material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter that makes soil fertile |
| Taiga | also called Boreal forests are dense evergreen forests of coniferous trees |
| Permafrost | a layer of permanently frozen subsoil (Tundra) |
| Plankton | tiny, free-floating organisms that live in both freshwater and saltwater environments |
| Phytoplankton | unicellular algae that form the base of many aquatic food webs |
| Zooplankton | planktonic animals that feed on phytoplankton |
| Wetland | an ecosystem in which water either covers the soil or is present at or near the surface of the soil for at least part of the year |
| Estuaries | are wetlands formed where rivers meet the sea |
| Detritus | is made up of tiny pieces of organic material that provide food for organisms at the base of the estuary's food web |
| Salt marshes | temperate-zone estuaries dominated by salt-tolerant grasses above the low-tide line, and by seagrass under water |
| Mangrove Swamps | coastal wetlands that are widespread across tropical regions, including southern Florida and Hawaii |
| Photic zone | the well-lit upper layer of the ocean |
| Aphotic zone | the layer below the photic zone which is permanently dark (ocean) |
| Zonation | the prominent horizontal banding of organisms that live in a particular habitat |
| Coastal ocean | extends from the low-tide mark to the outer edge of the continental shelf |
| Kelp forests | underwater forests of a giant brown alga that can grow as much as 50 centimeters a day |
| Coral reefs | coral animals whose hard, calcium carbonate skeletons make up their primary structure |
| Benthos | organisms that live attached to, or near the bottom of the ocean, such as sea stars, anemones, and marine worms |
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Winkels
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