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IGHS Winkels
Biology Chapter 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Atom | basic unit of matter made up of three subatomic particles |
| Protons | positive charge |
| Neutrons | carry no charge |
| Electrons | negatively charged particle that constantly move around the space surrounding the atom's nucleus |
| Atoms | have the same number of protons and electrons, so they are neutral |
| Elements | a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom |
| Isotopes | atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons |
| Mass number | the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus |
| Chemical Compound | a substance formed by the chemical combinations of two or more elements in definite proportions |
| Chemical Bonds | hold together atoms in compounds |
| Valence Electrons | electrons that form bonds/located in the outermost shell of an atom |
| Ionic Bond | forms when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another, forming ions |
| Atom | loses electrons becomes positively charged/gains electrons becomes negatively charged/opposites attract forming a bond |
| Covalent Bond | forms when electrons are shared rather than transferred |
| Molecule | smallest unit of most compounds |
| van der Vaals forces | hydrogen bonds/intermolecular forces of attraction |
| Hydrogen Bond | the attraction between a hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the oxygen atom of another water molecule |
| Cohesion | an attraction between molecules of the same substance/produces surface tension |
| Adhesion | is an attraction between molecules and different substances |
| Capillary Action | an effect that causes water to rise in a narrow tube against the force of gravity |
| Mixture | is a material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together(Trail Mix) |
| Solution | a mixture in which all the components are eveny spread out(Kool-Aid) |
| Solutes | substances dissolved in water |
| Suspension | mixture of water and undissolved materials |
| Pure Water | pH of 7 |
| Acid | any compound that forms H+ ions in solution/pH values 1-6 |
| Base | a compound that forms OH- ions in solution/Basic, or alkaline solutions have pH values 8-14 |
| Buffers | weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sudden changes in pH. |
| Organic Chemistry | study of compounds with bonds between carbon atoms |
| Carbon Atoms | have 4 valence electrons |
| Macromolecules | large molecules/form by polymerization (small monomers join together to from polymers) |
| Carbohydrates (starches & sugars) | are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen/main energy source of living things |
| monosaccharides | molecules with one sugar monomer |
| disaccharides | made up of two monosaccharides |
| Lipids (fats, oils, waxes) | made up of fatty acids and glycerols/used to store energy |
| Nucleic Acids | contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus/polymers of nucleotides |
| Nucleotide | has three parts: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
| Proteins | made up of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| Proteins | control the rate of reactions, regulate cell processes, form cellular structures, carry substances into/out of cells, and help fight disease |
| Peptide Bonds | covalent bonds that link amino acids together to form polypeptide |
| Chemical Reaction | a process that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another by changing the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds |
| Products | the elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction |
| Activation Energy | energy needed to get a reaction started |
| Enzymes | proteins that act as biological catalysts/speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells |
Created by:
Winkels
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