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Bio Lab Quiz 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hallmarks of Multicellularity | Specialization of cells and the cooperation of these cells to maintain life |
| Closest living ancestor to animals | Choanoflagellates |
| What is required to achieve cooperation of cells | Cell adhesion and cell communication |
| Cell adhesion | Cells must adhere to one another, requires genes for cell adhesion proteins |
| Why do choanoflagellates have genes needed for multicellularity? | These genes are probably used to stick to surfaces and capture prey but then were repurposed by evolution to perform the functions of cell adhesion and communication in multicelluar animals |
| Cell Communication | Required in order for cells to cooperate, requires genes for signaling proteins and protein receptors |
| Evolution of multicellularity | Multicellularity has evolved many times independently (convergent evolution) |
| Sponges | Multicellular, no tissues, no organs, no organ system; cells is the highest unit in proifera- "pore bearers" |
| Spongocoel | The central, open cavity in a sponge through which water flows |
| Osculum | A large opening in a sponge through which water flows out of the sponge. Sponges may have more than one oscula. |
| Choanocyte | Line the inner cavity of the sponge; have a sticky, funnel-shaped collar that collects food particles and a flagellum to pump water through the sponge. The sponge obtains its nutrients and oxygen by processing flowing water |
| Porocyte | Cells with pores that allow water into the sponge; they are located all over the sponge's body |
| Mesohyl | The gelatinous layer between the outer body of the sponge and the spongocoel |
| Spicule | Sharp spikes (made of calcium carbonate) located in the mesohyl; form the "skeleton" of many sponges |
| Amoebocyte | Digests food particles and distributes them |
| Symmetry | Asymmetry; asconoids and syconoid sponges have radial symmetry |
| Sponges are sessile | Immobile |
| Basic tasks of staying alive | Get nutrients (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids) to cells, get rid of indigestible material= ingestion, digestion, absorption elimination. Circulation, gas exchange, excretion, nerve and muscle, and reproduction |
| Leucenoids | Most surface area= more choanocytes so can grow bigger in size from nutrients |
| Asconoids | Cannot increase in size, because theres a smaller surface area and therefore less choanocytes |
| Sponges need to get rid of... | Ammonia |
| Sponges are vulnerable to | Attacks by predators, being crowded by other organisms competing for space on reefs, being overgrown which affects water flow, infection by pathogenic microorganisms |
| Sponge's Defense | Spicules and chemical toxins |
| Porifera Reproduction | Individual sponge produces egg and sperm. Sperm are released and enter another sponge where it fertilizes an egg. A larva develops and is carried out by the water current; it settles down on a surface and develops into an adult sponge |
| Sponges are dependent on ____ for staying alive | Water flow |
| Gas exchange and excretion between cells and environment | Each cell is on a surface (single layer) so they're all touching seawater; gases and wastes can diffuse across cell membranes |
| Parazoa | Only living animals in this clade are sponges |
| Focus using 4x objective and 10x objective | Coarse focus knob |
| As objective moves up, working distance _____ | Decreases |
| Focus using 40x objective | Fine focus knob |
| Preferable way to adjust light | Diaphragm |
| What are tardigrades? | Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotroph that ingests food... animal! |
| Microvilli | Capture small particles |
| Working Distance | The distance between the objective that is in place and the slide |
| The ocular lenses have a magnifying power of | 10x |
| Total magnification of micrscope = | Ocular power (10x) times Objective power (4x, 10x, or 40x) |
| Depth of Field | The range of depth that a specimen is in acceptable focus; as magnification increases, depth of field decreases |
Created by:
knuepril
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