Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
A&P 1 Histology
Basics of Histology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| -Define histology. | The study of tissues. |
| -Define tissue. | A collection of cells with a similar structure and function. |
| -How many primary tissue types are there in the body? | Four. |
| -What are the four primary tissue types in the body? | Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous. |
| -Define epithelial tissue. | Covering or lining tissue. |
| -Explain the extense of the epithelial tissue. | Covers the surface of the body, lines the body cavities, forms the external and internal linings of most organs, and constitutes the bulk of most glands. |
| -What are the functions of the epithelial tissue? | Protection, secretion, sensory reception, absorption and filtration. |
| -What is a desmosome? | Strong connections that hold cells together and enable tissue to resist mechanical stress. |
| -Where are desmosomes commonly found? | In the epidermis and cervix. |
| -What is a tight junction? | Protein complexes that completely encircle a cell, connect it to neighbor cells and make it impossible for anything to pass between them. |
| -Where are tight junctions commonly found? | In the stomach and intestines. |
| -In epithelial cells, what is the apical side? | The side adjacent to the exterior or to a body cavity. |
| -In epithelial cells, what is the basal side? | The area opposite to the exterior or body cavity. |
| -In epithelial tissue, what is the basement membrane? | The connective tissue in which the basal sides of the epithelial cells anchor themselves. |
| -What does avascular mean? | Does not contain blood vessels. |
| -Is the epithelia avascular? | Yes. |
| -How is the epithelia classified? | By the number of cell layers present and the shape of the cells in the apical layer. |
| -What are the two classifications of the epithelia. | Simple: if there is only one layer of cells. Stratified: if there is more than one layer of cells. |
| -What are the three cell shapes? | Squamous, cuboidal and columnar. |
| -Describe the shape of squamous cells. | Flat, or scale-like. |
| -What are the two special classifications of epithelial tissue? | Transitional epithelium and pseudostratified columnar epithelium. |
| -Name the epithelial classification for one layer of flat, scale-like cells. | Simple squamous epithelium. |
| -Name the epithelial classification for a seven layers of cylinder-shaped cells. | Stratified columnar epithelium. |
| -What is the simple squamous epithelium that lines the heart and all blood vessels called? | The endothelium. |
| -Name at least four locations of simple squamous epithelium. | Air sacs (alveoli) of lungs, glomerular capsules of kidneys, some kidney tubules, endothelium, serous membranes, mesothelium. |
| -What is the simple squamous epithelium that lines the visceral organs? | The mesothelium. |
| -Define "visceral organs." | Organs located in the abdominal cavity. |
| -What are some main functions of simple squamous epithelium? | Gas transfer facilitation via diffusion between blood and air around alveolar sacs in the lungs. Filtration of blood through the epithelium of the kidney capillaries. |
| -Where is the nucleus located in epithelial cells? | Toward the basal end of the cell. |
| -What are microvilli? | Small extensions of the cell membrane that increase the surface area of the cell. |
| -What do simple cuboidal epithelial cells have in the apical layer that simple squamous epithelial cells do not? | Microvilli. |
| -Name at least four locations of simple cuboidal epithelial cells. | Liver, pancreas, thyroid, salivary and most glands, most kidney tubules, bronchioles. |
| -What are bronchioles? | Small tubes within the lungs. |
| -What are the main functions of the simple cuboidal epithelium? | Absorption (kidney tubules and liver) and secretion (kidney tubules, liver, pancreas, glands). |
| -What is the shape of nuclei in simple columnar epithelial cells? | Ovunclar or sausage-shaped. |
| -What are cilia? | Hair-like extensions of cell membrane that move material across the surface of the cell. |
| -What is the function of goblet cells? | Secretion of lubricating mucus. |
| -Can simple columnar epithelial cells have microvilli and cilia? | Yes, both microvilli and cilia are occasionally found on simple columnar epithelial cells. |
| -What are some locations where simple columnar epithelium is found. | Inner lining of stomach, intestines, rectum, gallbladder, uterus and uterine tubes. |
| -What are the main functions of the simple columnar epithelium? | Absorption and secretion, movement of egg and embryo in uterine tube, secretion of mucus. |
| -Explain keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. | Epithelium where the apical layers are layers of dead cells that lack nuclei and are packed with the tough protein keratin. |
| -Where is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium found? | Epidermis, especially palms and soles of feet. |
| -Where is nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium found? | Linings of the oral cavity, esophagus, vagina and anal canal and the surface of the tongue. |
| -What are some functions of stratified squamous epithelium? | Protection. Keratinized version protects against: mechanical abrasion, water loss, pathogen entry. Nonkeratinized version protects in: eating food, swallowing, sexual intercourse, birth, defacation. |
| -What are some locations of stratified cuboidal epithelium? | Some sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicle (cells that surround the developing egg). |
| -What are some functions of stratified cuboidal epithelium? | Contributes to sweat secretion, secretion of ovarian hormones |
| -What is an oocyte? | An egg cell. |
| -What are some locations of stratified columnar epithelium? | Small portions of anal canal, pharynx, epiglottis, male urethra, sweat and salivary glands. |
| -What is the main function of stratified columnar epithelium? | Structural integrity of gland ducts as well as where two other tissue types meet. |
| -What is abnormal about pseudostratified columnar epithelium? | It looks multi-layered, but it's not. Cells are of varying height, but all cells touch the basement membrane. |
| -Where can pseudostratified columnar epithelium be located? | In the respiratory tract from the nasal cavity to the bronchi and in portions of the male reproductive tract. |
| -How does smoking affect pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the respiratory tract? | The chemicals in the smoke paralyze the cilia at the apical side of the epithelial cells so that they are unable to sweep the mucus from the goblet cells (and the bacteria it collects) to the pharynx where it can be swallowed. |
| -What and in what ways does transitional epithelium resemble? | It resembles stratified squamous epithelium on a microscopic level, but the surface cells are rounded and dome-shaped at on the apical side. |
| -What is a binucleate cell? | A cell with two nuclei. |
| -Where is transitional epithelia located? | In the urinary tract, part of the kidney, the ureters, the urinary bladder, and part of the urethra. |
| -What are ureters? | Tubes that connect the kidney to the urinary bladder. |
| -What are the functions of the transitional epithelia? | It stretches to allow filling of the urinary tract. |
| -Why was transitional epithelia called "transitional" epithelia? | It was originally thought to be an intermediate between stratified squamous and stratified columnar epithelium. This is not true, but the name stuck. |
| -What is a gland? | A gland is a cell or organ that secretes substances for use inside or outside the body. |
| -What are glands composed of? | Primarily epithelial tissue. |
| -What are the two broad classifications of glands? | Endocrine and exocrine. |
| -What is the etymology of "exocrine?" | Exo means "outside" and "crine" means "secrete." |
| -What is a common trait of exocrine glands? | They secrete material into ducts that lead to the body surface or a connected cavities, i.e., digestive, reproductive, respiratory tract. |
| -What are the main multicellular exocrine glands? | The pancreas, stomach, sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, and the sebaceous glands. |
| -What is an example of a unicellular exocrine gland? | Goblet cells. |
| -What is the etymology of "endocrine?" | Endo means "within" and crine means "secrete." |
| -What is the common trait of endocrine glands? | They do not secrete material into ducts, but rather secrete hormones into the blood stream. |
| -What are some multicellular examples of endocrine glands? | The thyroid, thymus, testes, ovaries, pituitary gland, pineal gland, and adrenal gland. |
| -What are the two ductal categories of exocrine glands? | Simple and compound. |
| -What is a simple exocrine gland? | An exocrine gland whose ducts do not branch. |
| -What is a complex exocrine gland? | An exocrine gland whose ducts branch. |
| -What are the form categories of exocrine glands? | Tubular, alveolar and tubuloalveolar. |
| -What is a tubular exocrine gland? | An exocrine gland whose tubular portion is the same diameter as its secretory portion. |
| -What is an alveolar exocrine gland? | An exocrine gland whose secretary portion is round like a ball in comparison to its tubular portion. |
| -What is a tubuloalveolar exocrine gland? | An exocrine gland that is a combination of tubular and alveolar. |
| -What is an example of a simple tubular exocrine gland? | Intestinal glands. |
| -What is an example of a simple branched tubular exocrine gland? | Gastric (stomach) glands. |
| -What is an example of a simple alveolar exocrine gland? | There are no important ones in humans. |
| -What is an example of a simple branched alveolar gland? | Sebaceous (oil) glands. |
| -What is an example of a compound tubular gland? | Brunner's glands of the small intestine. |
| -What is an example of a compound alveolar gland? | Mammary glands. |
| -What is an example of a compound tubuloalveolar gland? | Salivary glands. |
| -What is the most abundant, widely distributed and histologically variable of the four primary tissue types? | Connective tissue. |
| -What is the extracellular matrix? | The extracellular material that separates the cells in connective tissue. |
| -What are the main functions of connective tissue? | Binding organs, support, physical protection, immune protection, movement, storage, heat production and transport. |
| -What are the main categories of connective tissue? | Fibrous, supporting and fluid. |
| -What are fibrous connective tissues composed of? | Cells, fibers and ground substance. |
| -What are the six cell types in fibrous connective tissue? | Fibroblasts, macrophages, leukocytes, plasma cells, mast cells and adipocytes. |
| -What is the etymology and definition of fibroblasts? | Fibro, meaning "fat," and blast, meaning "making." Fibroblasts are large, flat cells with tapered ends that produce fibers and ground substance. |
| -What is the etymology and definition of macrophages? | Macro, meaning "large," and phage, meaning "eating." Macrophages are large phagocytic cells that wanter through connective tissue, engulfing and destroying bacteria, foreign particles and dead or dying body cells. |
| -What is a fibrocyte? | An inactive fibroblast. |
| -What is the etymology and definition of leukocytes? | Leuko, meaning "white," and cyte, meaning "cell." Leukocytes are white blood cells that crawl out of the bloodstream and spend most of their time in the connective tissue. Many are phagocytes that wanter in search of pathogens. |
| -What are plasma cells? | Plasma cells are the resulting cell when a white blood cell differentiates upon detecting foreign agents. Plasma cells produce and secrete antibodies. |
| -Define antibodies? | Antibodies are proteins that bind to foreign molecules (antigens) in order to inactivate or mark them for future destruction. |
| -Define mast cells. | Cells in the CT that secrete heparin, which is an anti-coagulating chemical, and histamine, which is a vasolidator. |
| -What is vasodilation? | Dilation of the blood vessels. |
| -Give the etymology and definition of adipocytes. | Adipo, meaning "fat," and cyte, meaning "cell." Adipocytes contain huge droplets of lipids for storage. |
| -What are the three types of fibers in connective tissue? | Collagenous, reticular and elastic. |
| -What are collagenous fibers? | Interwoven strands of the protein collagen. |
| -What are some locations of collagenous fibers? | Tendons, ligaments and the dermis (deep layer of skin). |
| -Define reticular fibers. | Thinner collagen fibers coated with glycoproteins, reticular fibers branch extensively and can form frameworks for certain organs. |
| -Define elastic fibers. | Made primarily of the protein "elastin," elastic fibers account for the stretchy attributes of the lungs, arteries and skin. |
| -Which fibers are often called "white fibers?" | Collagenous fibers. |
| -Which fibers are often called "yellow fibers?" | Elastic fibers. |
| -Define "ground substance." | The gelatinous material that occupies the space between the cells and the fibers in connective tissues. |
| -What are the two types of fibrous connective tissue? | Loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue. |
| -What are the three types of loose connective tissue? | Areolar, reticular and adipose. |
| -What are some characteristics of areolar connective tissue? | Contains all three fiber types (collagenous, elastic and reticular), all six types of fibrous connective tissue cells, abundant ground substance and blood vessels and is loosly arranged. |
| -What are some common locations of areolar connective tissue? | Under nearly all epithelia, surrounding blood vessels, nerves, trachea and esophagus, between muscles, within mesenteries, within the visceral layers of the pericardium and the pleura. |
| -What are mesenteries? | The peritoneum folds that connect the intestines to the abdomen wall. |
| -What is peritoneum? | The serous membrane that enfolds the intestines. |
| -What is the pericardium? | The membranous sac enclosing the heart. |
| -What is the pleura? | The serous membrane investing each lung and that serves as a lining of the corresponding side of the thorax. |
| -In humans, what is the thorax? | The portion of the torso between the neck and the abdomen, containing the cavity and organs enclosed by the ribs, sternum and certain upper vertebrae. |
| -What are some main functions of areolar connective tissue? | Loosly binds epithelia to deeper tissues, allows pallage of nerves and blood vessels through tissues, and provides an area for immune defense. |
| -Describe reticular connective tissue. | Loose network of fibers, has reticular and white blood cells, appears dark purple or black. |
| -Where are some location of reticular tissue? | Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. |
| -What are some functions of reticular tissue? | Branching reticular fibers form scaffold-like framework (stroma) for lymphatic organs. |
| -Describe adipose tissue. | Large, empty-looking cells with nucleus pressed against cell membrane. |
| -Where are some locations of adipose tissue? | Subcutaneous fat beneath skin, breast, heart surface, kidney and eye cushioning. |
| -Name some functions of adipose tissue. | Energy storage, thermal insulation, shock absorption, protective organ cushioning. |
| -What are the two types of dense connective tissue? | Dense regular and dense irregular. |
| -Describe the appearance of dense regular connective tissue. | Dense, parallel, wavy collagenous fibers, little extra space, few blood vessels. |
| -What are some locations of dense regular connective tissue? | Tendons and ligaments. |
| -What are some functions of dense regular connective tissue? | Ligaments (bone to bone) and tendons (muscles to bone). |
| -Describe the appearance of dense irregular connective tissue. | Dense collagenous fibers oriented randomly, little extra space, few cells, scarce blood vessels. |
| -What are some locations of dense irregular connective tissue? | Deeper portion of dermis, capsules around visceral organs, fibrous sheaths around cartilages and bones. |
| -What are some functions of dense irregular connective tissue? | Provides durable material that can withstand stresses from varied and unpredictable directions. |
| -What are the two types of supporting connective tissue? | Cartilage and bone. |
| -What cells help form cartilage, and how do they do it? | Chondroblast surround themselves with the cartilage matrix until they become trapped in cavities known as lacunae. |
| -What are chondroblasts called once encapsulated in lacunae? | Chondrocytes. |
| -What is the etymology of lacunae? | It is Latin for "lake." |
| -Is cartilage avascular or vascular? | Avascular. |
| -Why does it take cartilage so long to heal? | The chondrocytes depend on diffusion through the cartilage matrix to get their nutrients, so their metabolism and mitosis are low. |
| -What is the chemical produced by chondrocytes to prohibit the growth of blood vessels? | Antiangiogenesis factor. |
| -What are the three types of cartilage? | Hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage. |
| -Describe the appearance of hyaline cartilage. | Clear, glassy, finely dispersed collagenous fibers. 3-4 chondrocytes in each lacuna. Covered by a perichondrium. |
| -What is a perichondrium? | A fibrous sheath made of dense irregular connective tissue. |
| -What is the etymology of hyaline cartilage? | "Hyalos" is Greek for glass. |
| -What are some locations of hyaline cartilage? | Forms most of the fetal skeleton, box around larynx and rings around trachea and bronchi, attaches ribs to sternum, articular cartilage over the ends of bones at moveable joints. |
| -What are some functions of hyaline cartilage? | Eases joint movements, keeps airways open, moves vocal cords, precursor of bone in the fetal skeleton, structural attachment. |
| -Describe the appearance of elastic cartilage. | Elastic fibers form web-like mesh, always covered by a perichondrium. |
| -Where is elastic cartilage located? | External ear, epiglottis, Eustachian tube. |
| -What is the epiglottis? | The flap of tissue that covers the tracheas when you swallow. |
| -What is the Eustachian tube? | It connects the ear to the nasopharynx. |
| -What are the functions of elastic cartilage? | Provides flexible, elastic support. |
| -Describe the appearance of fibrocartilage. | Parallel collagenous fibers with rows of chondrocytes in lacunae between fibers. Never has a perichondrium. |
| -Are the chondrocytes in fibrocartilage organized into isogenous groups? | No. |
| -What are some locations where fibrocartilage is found? | Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci in the knee, points where tendons insert on bones near articular hyaline cartilage. |
| -What is the pubic symphysis? | The anterior joint between the two halves of the pelvic girdle. |
| -What is the menisci? | Shock-absorbing pad of cartilage. |
| -What are the functions of fibrocartilage? | To resist compression and absorb shock in some joints as well as form transitional structure at some tendon-bone junctions. |
| -What are the two cell types in nervous tissue? | Neurons and glia. |
| -What are the three types of muscular tissue? | Skeletal, cardiac and smooth. |
| -What are some structures that are lined by epithelial membranes? | Body cavities, tracts, external surfaces of organs, and the external surface of the body. |
| -Define epithelial membrane. | A continuous multicellular sheet composed of at least two primary tissue types: An epithelium bound to an underlying layer of fibrous connective tissue. |
| -What are the three types of epithelial membranes? | Cutaneous membrane, mucous membrane and serous membrane. |
| -What is the cutaneous membrane? | Skin; it consists of the epidermis and the dermis. |
| -The dermis is what type of connective tissue? | Dense irregular. |
| -The epidermis is what type of epithelium? | Keratinized squamous. |
| -Where are mucous membranes (mucosae) located? | Lining the passageways that open to the external environment. Digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts. |
| -How many layers do mucosae normall have? | Two, occasionally three. |
| -Where are serous membranes (serosae) normally located? | Closed ventral body cavities. |
| -What do serous membranes consist of? | A simple squamous epithelium lying on a thin layer of areolar CT. |
| -What is serous fluid? | A thin, watery fluid that arises from the blood and is secreted by serosae. |
| -What is the fuction of serosae? | To provide an efficient means of lubricating cavity walls and organ exteriors to reduce inter-organ friction. |
| -In terms of serosae, what is the lining along the wall of a cavity called? | The parietal pleura. |
| -In terms of serosae, what is the lining along the exterior of an organ in the abdomen called? | The visceral pleura. |
| -What are the serosae surrounding the heart called? | The parietal and visceral pericardium. |
| -What are the serosae surrounding the lung and lung cavity called? | The parietal and visceral pleurae. |
| -What are the inner and outer serosae lining the abdominal cavity called? | The parietal and visceral peritoneum. |
| -What are the two possible methods of tissue repair? | Regeneration and fibrosis. |
| -In terms of tissue repair, what is regeneration? | Replacement of dead or damaged cells by cells of the same type. |
| -In terms of tissue repair, what is fibrosis? | Replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue composed mainly of collagen produced by fibroblasts. |
Created by:
Cristobal16
Popular Biology sets